Southeastern Institute A&P 9. Central Nervous System
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Make up of Brain and Spinal Cord, Protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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| Meninges | Protective connective tissue covering in the central nervous system
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| Pia Mater | Innermost layer of meninges
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| Subarachnoid | Space between meninges filled with CSF
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| Arachnoid | Middle layer of meninges
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| Subdural | Space between meninges
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| Dura Mater | Outer most layer of meninges
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| Epidural | Between dura mater & vertebral canal
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid | Supplies CNS w/ oxygen and nutrients, Carries away waste, Shock absorber, Formed in choroids plexus in brain ventricles
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| Spinal Cord | Exits skull through foramen magnum, Goes to L2, Conveys sensory and motor information
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| Sulci | Grooves of the brain
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| Gyri | Ridges of the brain
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| Fissures | Sulci deep enough to divide brain into hemispheres
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| Cerebrum | Largest part of brain which is divided into lobes
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| Frontal Lobe | Motor output, Cognition, Speech production, Broca’s area in left hemisphere
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| Corpus Callosum | Fibrous bundles connecting the 2 hemispheres
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| Cerebral Cortex | Thin gray layer on outer portion of brain
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| Parietal Lobe | Somatosensory, Skin and muscle, Taste
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| Temporal Lobe | Auditory, Olfactory, Wernicke’s - language comprehension in left hemisphere
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| Occipital Lobe | Visual input
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| Right Hemisphere | Controls left side of body, Perception of nonspeech auditory sounds, Melodies, laughing, crying, coughing, Better at spatial relationships
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| Left Hemisphere | Controls right side of body, Language – reception and expressive, Some skilled and general hand movements, Gestering
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| Beta Brain Waves | Wakeful and mental activity
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| Alpha Brain Waves | Relaxed and nonattentive
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| Theta Brain Waves | Drowsiness, dream like, collective unconscious, out-of-body
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| Delta Brain Waves | Deep sleep
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| Diencephalon | Center of brain that contains thalamus & hypothalamus
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| Thalamus | 80% of diencephalon, Sensory info to cerebrum
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| Hypothalamus | Regulates ANS & endocrine by governing pituitary gland
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| Cerebellum | Cauliflower shaped, Posterior and inferior to cerebrum, 2nd largest part of brain, Muscle tone, Coordinates complex movements, Regulates posture and balance
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| Brainstem | Continuous with spinal cord, made up of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
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| Midbrain | Nerve impulses from cerebrum to pons, Sensory impulses from spinal cord to thalamus, Controls movement of eyes, head and neck in response to visual and auditory stimulus
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| Pons | Nerve impulse back & forth in cerebellum, Helps control breathing
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| Medulla Oblongata | Most inferior part of brainstem, Sensory and motor between spinal cord and brain,cross-over fibers that switch hemispheres vs. body, Respiratory center, Cardiovascular center, Vasomotor center, 5 pairs of cranial nerves branch from here
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| Blood-Brain Barrier | Semipermeable wall of blood capillaries, Thick basement membrane & neuroglia, Prevent or slow down some chemical compounds & disease causing organisms into brain
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| Considered most vital part of brain | Medulla Oblongata
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