Southeastern Institute A&P 5. Skeletal System
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| Skeletal System Physiology | Supports systems through framework. Protects organs. Movement through leverage. Hemopoiesis. Stores fat for later use. Stores minerals for later use
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| Long | Bones that are longer than wide
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| Short | Bones that are usually small and cuboidal
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| Flat | Bones that have a broad flat surface
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| Irregular | Bones that fall into a catch all category for bone shapes that don’t fit in another category
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| Sesamoid | Bones that are embedded in tendons
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| Diaphysis | Shaft of a long bone
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| Medullary Cavity | Center of diaphysis
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| Haversian Canals | Longitudinal pathway through bone
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| Volkman’s Canals | Horizontal pathway through bone
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| Periosteum | Sheath that surround the diaphysis
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| Interosseous Ligament | Membrane found between specific bones (i.e. ulna & radius or tibia & fibula)
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| Epiphyses | Ends of a long bone
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| Epiphyseal Plate | Growth plate between the epiphyses & diaphysis
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| Epiphyseal Line | Replaces the epiphyseal plate when bone growth is complete
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| Articular Cartilage | Hyaline cartilage at the ends of long bones that create a buffer between the bones
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| Osteoblasts | Bone forming cells
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| Osteoclasts | Cells that break down bone
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| Osteocyte | Mature osteoblast
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| Spongy Bone | Lattice-like network in the center of a long bone which is filled with red and yellow marrow
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| Compact Bone | Outer portion of bone that is dense for strength
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| Ossification | Bone development
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| Exercise | Stresses the skeletal system. Moves blood calcium into bones. Osteoblasts are stimulated. Makes stronger bones
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| Osteoclasts break down the minerals | And move the minerals into the blood
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| Osteoblasts replace bone lost | Due to metabolism
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| Aging | Decrease of hormone levels slow down the rate at which osteoblasts rebuild bone. Can result in loss of bone mass.
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| Axial Skeleton | Skull, vertebrae, sternum & ribs
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| Appendicular Skeleton | Extremities and how they attach to the axial skeleton
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| Synarthoses | Joints with little to no movement and found in skull sutures & tooth joints
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| Amphiarthroses | Slightly moveable joints and found in pubic symphysis & intervertebral joints
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| Diarthroses | Freely moving joints
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| Bursae | Collapsed sac-like structures that provide additional synovial fluid to protect muscle tendons
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| Flexion | Decrease of an angle of a joint
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| Extension | Straighten or increase the angle of a joint
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| Abduction | Movement away from median plane
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| Adduction | Movement towards median plane
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| Supination | Lateral (outward) rotation of forearm
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| Pronation | Medial ( inward) rotation of forearm
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| Plantar Flexion | Movement of the ankle making the toes point down
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| Dorsiflexion | Movement of the ankle making the toes point toward the shin
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| Inversion | Medial edge of foot is elevated so that the soles of the feet face each other
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| Eversion | Lateral edge of foot is elevated so that the soles of the feet are turned away from each other
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| Circumduction | Distal end moves in a circle while the proximal end stays relatively fixed
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| Rotation | Bone moves around its own central axis
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| Elevation | Raising or lifting a body part
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| Depression | Lowering or dropping a body part
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| Protraction | Movement forward or anteriorly
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| Retraction | Movement backward or posteriorly
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| Pelvic Tilt | Anterior or posterior tilting of the entire pelvis
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| Pelvic Rotation | One side of pelvis is further forward than the other
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| Hinge | Limited to flexion and extension
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| Pivot & Screw | Limited to rotation
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| Saddle Joint | Carpometacarpal of the thumb for its varied movements
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| Ellipsoidal Joint | Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
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| Ball & Socket Joint | Permit all movements
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| Gliding | All movements but are limited to gliding
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