S2 Final Exam
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| The CNS refers to? | brain and spinal cord
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| Describe ependymal cells. | glial cells/line cavities of brain & spinal cord/beating of cilia help to circulate cerebrospinal fluid
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| Describe nurilemma. | Part of schwann cell external to the myelin sheath
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| What is a dendrite? | neuron processes that convey incoming messages TOWARD the cell body
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| Small collections of nerve cell bodies found in a small # of locations outside the CNS are called? | ganglia
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| Describe myelin. | fatty material that covers long nerve fibers/whitish
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| Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to? | deep pressure
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| What is an association neuron? | connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways
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| Differentiate bwtn. gray matter and white matter. | white matter-consists of dense collections of myelinated fibers gray matter-mostly unmyelinated fibers & cell bodies
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| Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are (myelinated/unmyelinated)? | myelinated
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| Bipolar neurons are commonly found in the? | eye and nose
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| Which ion rapidly diffuses out into the tissue fluid immediately after an action potential? | sodium
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| How does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a polarized neuron differ from the external environment? | interior is negatively charged & contains less sodium
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| How does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a depolarized neuron differ from the external environment? | positively charged
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| When a nerve fiber is polarized, the concentration of _________ ions is higher on the outside of its membrane and ___________ is higher on the inside. | Na; K
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| What is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential? | 1. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse in. 2. membrane becomes depolarized, K channels open and K diffuse out 3. sodium ions actively transported out, membrane becomes polarized
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| Which is faster? A salutatory conduction on an unmyelinated fiber? | salutatory conduction
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| The point at which an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell is the _________? | synapse
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| What do the tarsal glands secrete? | oily secretion that lubricates the eye
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| Tarsal glands are modified ________ glands. | sweat
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| An infection of the conjunctiva is commonly called? | pinkeye
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| Tears are produced by the lacrimal glands that are located where? | above the lateral end of each eye
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| What is lysozyme secretion? | enzyme that destroys bacteria
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| What is the conjunctiva? | lines the eyelids & covers part of the outer surface of the eyeball
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| The white of the eye is the? | sclera
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| The transparent central anterior portion of the sclera through which light passes is the? | cornea
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| The middle coat of the eyeball contains pigment which prevents light from scattering in the eyeball is the? | choroid
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| The blind spot where no photoreceptor cells are present is located at the? | optic disc
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| What is the iris? | pigmented; has rounded opening, pupil, through which light passes
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| The 3 sets of color receptors within the retina are sensitive to wavelengths of visible light that are: ??? | red, blue, green
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| The greatest visual acuity is found at the? | fovea centralis
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| Cataracts cause hazy vision and possible eventual blindness from changes in the? | lens
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| Does colorblindness occur most often in women or men? | men
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| What is vitreous humor? | gel-like substance that helps prevent the eyeball from collapsing inward
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| What is accommodation? | ability of the eye to focus specifically for close objects
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| What is convergence? | reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we view close objects
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| Is body coordination controlled by hormones? | no
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| Hormone concentrations in the blood under normal conditions are USUALLY regulated by _________ feedback mechanisms. | negative
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| What changes follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells? | proteins are synthesized in the cell; enzymes are activated or inactivated; plasma membrane permeability changes
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| Lipid hormones manufactured in cell plasma membranes are ______________ | prostaglandins
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| Can steroids catalyze cyclic AMP? | no
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| The type of endocrine stimulus that involves changing levels of certain blood borne ions and nutrients is called? | humoral stimulus
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| Where is the pituitary gland located? | hangs by a stalk from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus of the brain
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| What is the function of tropic hormones? | stimulate their target organs to secrete their hormones which in turn exert their effects on other body organs& tissues
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| Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood after long bone growth has ended leads to ____________. | sterility
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| What are the anterior pituitary hormones? | growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH, ICSH, TSH, ACTH
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| What hormone triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary? | lutenizing hormone (LH)
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| In men, lutenizing hormone is also called? | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
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| What substances are produced by the hypothalamus? | oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone
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| What is goiter? | enlargement of the thyroid gland that results when diet is deficient in iodine
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| What are the functions of oxytocin? | stimulates contractions of the uterine muscle during labor, sexual relations; milk ejection
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| Vasopressin is also called__________? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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| Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone may lead to? | diabetes insipidus
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| Where is the thyroid gland located? | base of the throat, just inferior to the adams apple
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| What are the thyroid hormones? | Thyroxine; triiodothyronine
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| Blood is what type of body tissue? | connective tissue
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| What does the buffy coat between formed elements and the plasma in centrifuged blood supply contain? | leukocytes (WBCs & Platelets)
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| What are the physical characteristics of blood? | scarlet to dull red; thick; metallic; sticky
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| Describe blood plasma in color, content, pH. | clearish, white; 90% water; 7.35-7.45
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| Normal whole blood contains how many grams of hemoglobin per 100 mL? | 12-18 grams
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| What can lead to anemia? | decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of blood
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| There is an average of _________ WBCs per cubic millimeter of whole blood. | 4,000-11,000
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| Which white blood cells are granulocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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| Eosinophils increase rapidly during allergy attacks and infections of ____________? | parasitic worms
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| The type of leukocytes that contain large amounts of the vasodilator histamine are ___________. | basophils
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| The type of leukocytes that become macrophages in the tissues are ____________. | monocytes
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| Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called ______________________. | megakaryocytes
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| The average functional life span of a RBC is? | 100-120 days
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| An immature RBC is called a ________________. | reticulocyte
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| What hormone regulates erythrocyte production? | erythroprotein
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| Describe the myocardium. | consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled; layer that actually contracts; reinforced by fibrous CT
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| Where are the atria located? | superior to the ventricles
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| Where is the tricuspid valve located? | the right side
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| The superior vena cavae empties ___________ blood into the __________________. | oxygen-poor; pulmonary trunk
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| What type of blood is carried by the pulmonary vein? | oxygen-rich
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| The aortic semilunar valve is composed of ___ cusps and opens when the left ___________ contracts. | 3; ventricle
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| The anterior interventricular and marginal arteries are direct branches of the _______________. | coronary arteries
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| The crescent-shaped pacemaker of the heart that initiates depolarization under normal conditions is the ____________________. | sinoatrial node (SA node)
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| What is the bradycardia? | heart rate that is usually substantially lower than normal
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| When is the mitral valve normally closed? | when the ventricle is in systole (contracting)
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| During ventricular systole,blood enters the pulmonary trunk and the ______________. | aorta
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| The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle with each beat of the heart is called the ___________. | cardiac output
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| The path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is: | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae
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| An increase in parasympathetic activity causes a decrease in? | both heart rate and cardiac output
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| The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called ______________. | interstitial fluid
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| Lymph flows _________ the heart. | toward
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| The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the ___________________. | right arm, and the right sides of the head and thorax
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| What aids lymph return? | skeletal muscle contraction
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| Describe the structure of a lymph node. | consists of macrophages, lymph nodes, kidney shaped, buried in CT, less than 1"
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| Is the appendix a lymph organ? | no
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| What is the function of the thymus gland? | produces hormones that function on the programming of certain lymphocytes
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| Where are Peyer's patches located? | in the small intestine
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| Is lymph fluid produced by the skin? | no
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| The immune system is also called the specific ________ _____________. | body defense
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| What are nonspecific body defenses? | barriers (skin), cells, and chemicals (lysozymes) that work on initial battlefronts
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| What is the body's second line of defense? | phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, fever, chemical substances
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| What are the four cardinal signs of the inflammatory response? | 1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain
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| After injury, the chemical alarm begins with _______ and ________. | histamine; kinins
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| What do the chemicals in the inflammatory process do? | cause blood vessels to dilate; activate pain receptors; attract phagocytes and WBCs
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| How do interferons function? | diffuse to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors
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| The body's temperature regulator is located in the _____________ | brain, it is the hypothalamus
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| What effect does fever have on the body? | increases metabolic rate of tissue cells; liver and spleen gather nutrients
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| What structures comprise the conducting passageway for the respiratory system? | Nose; pharynx; larynx; trachea
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| What are the functions of the conducting passageway? | getting air into the body; moisture; warms
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| Is the nasopharynx considered a part of the nose? | No
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| What is the function of cilia in the nasal mucosa? | moves contaminated mucus towards the throat
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| What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity? | palate
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| Does the mandible contain sinuses? | no
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| Do the paranasal sinuses have any olfactory functions? | no
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| The auditory tubes open into the? | nasal pharynx
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| Adenoids are also called? | pharyngeal tonsils
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| Vibration that results in speech is a function of? | vocal folds (vocal cords)
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| The cilia of the trachea do what? | propel mucus loaded with debris away from the lungs to the throat
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| Compare left and right bronchus. | right is shorter, wider, straighter
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| How many lobes do the lungs have? | left- 2 right- 3 TOTAL=5
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| Does the pleura produce a sticky mucus? | No
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| What type of epithelial cells comprise the walls of the alveoli? | squamous
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| What is the function of surfactant? | coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces
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| What is pulmonary ventilation? | breathing: air moving in & out of the lungs
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| Do the kidneys produce hormones necessary for digestion? | No
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| Where are the kidneys located? | retro-peritoneal
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| The kidneys are aided in the excretion of fluids by the? | lungs and skin
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| Describe the medullary pyramids. | triangular regions that look striped and are separated by the RENAL column
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| What is the correct pathway for arterial blood supply through the kidney? | 1. renal artery 2. interlobar arteries 3. adequate arteries 4. interlobar
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| What is Bowman's capsule? | closed end of renal tubule that is enlarged, cup shaped, and completely surrounded by the glomerulus
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| How many nephrons are in a kidney? | over a million
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| Starting from the glomerular capsule, the correct order of the renal tubule regions is: | proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
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| What is the membrane like that surrounds the glomerulus? | enlarged and cup-shaped
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| Blood pressure within the glomerulus is ____________? | high
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| Of the capillary beds associated with each nephron, the one that is both fed and drained by arterioles is the _____________. | glomerulus
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| The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called ___________. | filtration
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| What is the pH of urine normally? | 6 (acidic)
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| Is creatine found normally in urine? | yes
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| The specific gravity of urine is normally? | 1.001-1.035
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| Is the bladder anterior to the pubic symphysis? | no
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| What is lithotripsy? | use of ultrasound waves to shatter kidney stones
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| The male gonads are the ___________. | testes
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| What is a zygote? | fertilized egg
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| What is the exocrine function of the male testes? | sperm production
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| The actual sperm forming area of the testes are the ______________________________. | seminiferous tubules
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| Androgens like testosterone are produced by? | interstitial cells of the testis
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| What is the correct order of the male duct system? From inside to outside. | 1. epididymic 2. ductus deferens 3. urethra
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| Where is the spermatic cord? | in the testes: encloses blood vessels, nerves, and vas deferens
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| Where is the membranous urethra located? | btwn. the prostatic urethra and penis
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| What are the components of semen? | fructose, chemicals, nutrients, sperm, seminalplasmin
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| What produces 60% of the fluid volume of semen? | seminal vesicles
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| The fluid from the prostate gland does what? | activates semen
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| What is the normal pH of semen? | 7.2-7.6
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| For pregnancy to occur, sperm count must be above? | 20 million
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| What stage of life does spermatogenesis occur? | puberty
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| What are spermatogonia? | stem cells that go through mitotic divisions that begins sperm formation
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| Follicle stimulating hormone causes spermatogonium to produce? | stem cell (type A daughter cell) and another cell (type B daughter cell)
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| The final outcome of meiosis is how many cells? | 4
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| How many chromosomes are in an ovum? | 23
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| Are spermatids functional sperm? | no
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| The process of spermatogenesis takes how long? | 64-72 days
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| What are secondary sex characteristics in males? | deepening of voice, hair growth, enlargement of skeletal muscles, increased heaviness of skeleton
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| Where does fertilization normally occur? | fallopian tubes
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| How long is the journey of the oocyte from the uterine tube to the uterus following ovulation? | 3-4 days
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| Describe the fundus of the uterus. | superior rounded region above the entrance of the uterine tubes
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| What part of the uterus is sloughed off during menses? | functional layer of thick lining of uterus
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| A vasectomy is performed on a (man/woman)? | man
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| What are treatments for prostate problems? | using drugs to shrink it; inserting small balloon to compress prostate tissue away from urethra; radiation inserted by needle
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| What hormone is responsible for ovulation? | glutenizing hormone
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| The menstral cycle is on average ____ days long. | 28
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| What occurs during the proliferative stage? | basal layer of endometrium regenerates functional layer, glands formed in it, endometrial blood supply increased
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| What are secondary sex characteristics in women? | enlargement of accessory organs, development of breasts, axillary and pubic hair, fat, widening of pelvis, menstrual cycle
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| What hormone does the corpus luteum primarily produce? | progesterone
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| Mammary glands are modified __________ glands. | sweat
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| The clusters of specific glands that produce milk when a woman is lactating are called? | lobules
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| For women 40-49, how often is a mammogram recommended? | every 2 years
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| For a sperm cell to fertilize an ovum, sexual intercourse must occur no more than ____ hours before ovulation. | 72
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| What is measured in a woman's urine in a woman's urine to determine if pregnancy has occurred? | hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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| When (in weeks) is the placenta functioning? | 3 weeks
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| All organ systems are laid down, and the embryo looks human by about which week? | 8th week
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| What is the functional junction between two neurons? | synapse
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| What is essential for nerve impulse propagation? | action potential
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| What structures are considered the "refracting portion" of the eye? | cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
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| Correctly list the order of all the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye. | cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
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| Which hormone exerts its primary effects on reproductive the organs? | lutenizing hormone
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| What is the most abundant formed element? | red blood cell (erythrocytes)
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| Do mature red blood cells contain organelles? | no
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| Do white blood cells initiate the clotting process? | no
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| In adults, does blood cell formation occur in the shaft of the femur? | yes, and the skull, pelvis, ribs, and sternum
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| Type of stem cell that produces all the formed elements EXCEPT lymphocytes are _____________________. | hemocytoblasts
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| Which heart chamber receives blood directly from the four pulmonary veins? | left atrium
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| Are the pulmonary arteries considered to be part of the systemic circulation? | no. pulmonary circulation.
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| When the ventricles contract the bicuspid (mitral) valve prevents blood from flowing from the left ____________ to the _____________. | ventricle; atrium
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| What vessel receives blood during right ventricular systole? | pulmonary arteries/trunk
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| What causes the lub-dup sound of the heart? | closing of the AV valve
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| Are the valves in lymph nodes similar to those found in the veins? | no. different structurally.
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| The superior portion of the pharynx is called the? | nasopharynx
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| What passive process allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the respiratory membrane? | diffusion
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| Most nephrons are located within the renal _____________, | tubule
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| The peritubular capillaries arise from the ___________, which drains the glomerulus. | arterioles
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| Is urea typically reabsorbed by the tubules? | yes
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