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S2 Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The CNS refers to? | brain and spinal cord |
| Describe ependymal cells. | glial cells/line cavities of brain & spinal cord/beating of cilia help to circulate cerebrospinal fluid |
| Describe nurilemma. | Part of schwann cell external to the myelin sheath |
| What is a dendrite? | neuron processes that convey incoming messages TOWARD the cell body |
| Small collections of nerve cell bodies found in a small # of locations outside the CNS are called? | ganglia |
| Describe myelin. | fatty material that covers long nerve fibers/whitish |
| Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to? | deep pressure |
| What is an association neuron? | connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways |
| Differentiate bwtn. gray matter and white matter. | white matter-consists of dense collections of myelinated fibers gray matter-mostly unmyelinated fibers & cell bodies |
| Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are (myelinated/unmyelinated)? | myelinated |
| Bipolar neurons are commonly found in the? | eye and nose |
| Which ion rapidly diffuses out into the tissue fluid immediately after an action potential? | sodium |
| How does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a polarized neuron differ from the external environment? | interior is negatively charged & contains less sodium |
| How does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a depolarized neuron differ from the external environment? | positively charged |
| When a nerve fiber is polarized, the concentration of _________ ions is higher on the outside of its membrane and ___________ is higher on the inside. | Na; K |
| What is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential? | 1. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse in. 2. membrane becomes depolarized, K channels open and K diffuse out 3. sodium ions actively transported out, membrane becomes polarized |
| Which is faster? A salutatory conduction on an unmyelinated fiber? | salutatory conduction |
| The point at which an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell is the _________? | synapse |
| What do the tarsal glands secrete? | oily secretion that lubricates the eye |
| Tarsal glands are modified ________ glands. | sweat |
| An infection of the conjunctiva is commonly called? | pinkeye |
| Tears are produced by the lacrimal glands that are located where? | above the lateral end of each eye |
| What is lysozyme secretion? | enzyme that destroys bacteria |
| What is the conjunctiva? | lines the eyelids & covers part of the outer surface of the eyeball |
| The white of the eye is the? | sclera |
| The transparent central anterior portion of the sclera through which light passes is the? | cornea |
| The middle coat of the eyeball contains pigment which prevents light from scattering in the eyeball is the? | choroid |
| The blind spot where no photoreceptor cells are present is located at the? | optic disc |
| What is the iris? | pigmented; has rounded opening, pupil, through which light passes |
| The 3 sets of color receptors within the retina are sensitive to wavelengths of visible light that are: ??? | red, blue, green |
| The greatest visual acuity is found at the? | fovea centralis |
| Cataracts cause hazy vision and possible eventual blindness from changes in the? | lens |
| Does colorblindness occur most often in women or men? | men |
| What is vitreous humor? | gel-like substance that helps prevent the eyeball from collapsing inward |
| What is accommodation? | ability of the eye to focus specifically for close objects |
| What is convergence? | reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we view close objects |
| Is body coordination controlled by hormones? | no |
| Hormone concentrations in the blood under normal conditions are USUALLY regulated by _________ feedback mechanisms. | negative |
| What changes follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells? | proteins are synthesized in the cell; enzymes are activated or inactivated; plasma membrane permeability changes |
| Lipid hormones manufactured in cell plasma membranes are ______________ | prostaglandins |
| Can steroids catalyze cyclic AMP? | no |
| The type of endocrine stimulus that involves changing levels of certain blood borne ions and nutrients is called? | humoral stimulus |
| Where is the pituitary gland located? | hangs by a stalk from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus of the brain |
| What is the function of tropic hormones? | stimulate their target organs to secrete their hormones which in turn exert their effects on other body organs& tissues |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood after long bone growth has ended leads to ____________. | sterility |
| What are the anterior pituitary hormones? | growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH, ICSH, TSH, ACTH |
| What hormone triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary? | lutenizing hormone (LH) |
| In men, lutenizing hormone is also called? | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) |
| What substances are produced by the hypothalamus? | oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone |
| What is goiter? | enlargement of the thyroid gland that results when diet is deficient in iodine |
| What are the functions of oxytocin? | stimulates contractions of the uterine muscle during labor, sexual relations; milk ejection |
| Vasopressin is also called__________? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone may lead to? | diabetes insipidus |
| Where is the thyroid gland located? | base of the throat, just inferior to the adams apple |
| What are the thyroid hormones? | Thyroxine; triiodothyronine |
| Blood is what type of body tissue? | connective tissue |
| What does the buffy coat between formed elements and the plasma in centrifuged blood supply contain? | leukocytes (WBCs & Platelets) |
| What are the physical characteristics of blood? | scarlet to dull red; thick; metallic; sticky |
| Describe blood plasma in color, content, pH. | clearish, white; 90% water; 7.35-7.45 |
| Normal whole blood contains how many grams of hemoglobin per 100 mL? | 12-18 grams |
| What can lead to anemia? | decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of blood |
| There is an average of _________ WBCs per cubic millimeter of whole blood. | 4,000-11,000 |
| Which white blood cells are granulocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| Eosinophils increase rapidly during allergy attacks and infections of ____________? | parasitic worms |
| The type of leukocytes that contain large amounts of the vasodilator histamine are ___________. | basophils |
| The type of leukocytes that become macrophages in the tissues are ____________. | monocytes |
| Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called ______________________. | megakaryocytes |
| The average functional life span of a RBC is? | 100-120 days |
| An immature RBC is called a ________________. | reticulocyte |
| What hormone regulates erythrocyte production? | erythroprotein |
| Describe the myocardium. | consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled; layer that actually contracts; reinforced by fibrous CT |
| Where are the atria located? | superior to the ventricles |
| Where is the tricuspid valve located? | the right side |
| The superior vena cavae empties ___________ blood into the __________________. | oxygen-poor; pulmonary trunk |
| What type of blood is carried by the pulmonary vein? | oxygen-rich |
| The aortic semilunar valve is composed of ___ cusps and opens when the left ___________ contracts. | 3; ventricle |
| The anterior interventricular and marginal arteries are direct branches of the _______________. | coronary arteries |
| The crescent-shaped pacemaker of the heart that initiates depolarization under normal conditions is the ____________________. | sinoatrial node (SA node) |
| What is the bradycardia? | heart rate that is usually substantially lower than normal |
| When is the mitral valve normally closed? | when the ventricle is in systole (contracting) |
| During ventricular systole,blood enters the pulmonary trunk and the ______________. | aorta |
| The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle with each beat of the heart is called the ___________. | cardiac output |
| The path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is: | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae |
| An increase in parasympathetic activity causes a decrease in? | both heart rate and cardiac output |
| The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called ______________. | interstitial fluid |
| Lymph flows _________ the heart. | toward |
| The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the ___________________. | right arm, and the right sides of the head and thorax |
| What aids lymph return? | skeletal muscle contraction |
| Describe the structure of a lymph node. | consists of macrophages, lymph nodes, kidney shaped, buried in CT, less than 1" |
| Is the appendix a lymph organ? | no |
| What is the function of the thymus gland? | produces hormones that function on the programming of certain lymphocytes |
| Where are Peyer's patches located? | in the small intestine |
| Is lymph fluid produced by the skin? | no |
| The immune system is also called the specific ________ _____________. | body defense |
| What are nonspecific body defenses? | barriers (skin), cells, and chemicals (lysozymes) that work on initial battlefronts |
| What is the body's second line of defense? | phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, fever, chemical substances |
| What are the four cardinal signs of the inflammatory response? | 1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain |
| After injury, the chemical alarm begins with _______ and ________. | histamine; kinins |
| What do the chemicals in the inflammatory process do? | cause blood vessels to dilate; activate pain receptors; attract phagocytes and WBCs |
| How do interferons function? | diffuse to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors |
| The body's temperature regulator is located in the _____________ | brain, it is the hypothalamus |
| What effect does fever have on the body? | increases metabolic rate of tissue cells; liver and spleen gather nutrients |
| What structures comprise the conducting passageway for the respiratory system? | Nose; pharynx; larynx; trachea |
| What are the functions of the conducting passageway? | getting air into the body; moisture; warms |
| Is the nasopharynx considered a part of the nose? | No |
| What is the function of cilia in the nasal mucosa? | moves contaminated mucus towards the throat |
| What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity? | palate |
| Does the mandible contain sinuses? | no |
| Do the paranasal sinuses have any olfactory functions? | no |
| The auditory tubes open into the? | nasal pharynx |
| Adenoids are also called? | pharyngeal tonsils |
| Vibration that results in speech is a function of? | vocal folds (vocal cords) |
| The cilia of the trachea do what? | propel mucus loaded with debris away from the lungs to the throat |
| Compare left and right bronchus. | right is shorter, wider, straighter |
| How many lobes do the lungs have? | left- 2 right- 3 TOTAL=5 |
| Does the pleura produce a sticky mucus? | No |
| What type of epithelial cells comprise the walls of the alveoli? | squamous |
| What is the function of surfactant? | coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces |
| What is pulmonary ventilation? | breathing: air moving in & out of the lungs |
| Do the kidneys produce hormones necessary for digestion? | No |
| Where are the kidneys located? | retro-peritoneal |
| The kidneys are aided in the excretion of fluids by the? | lungs and skin |
| Describe the medullary pyramids. | triangular regions that look striped and are separated by the RENAL column |
| What is the correct pathway for arterial blood supply through the kidney? | 1. renal artery 2. interlobar arteries 3. adequate arteries 4. interlobar |
| What is Bowman's capsule? | closed end of renal tubule that is enlarged, cup shaped, and completely surrounded by the glomerulus |
| How many nephrons are in a kidney? | over a million |
| Starting from the glomerular capsule, the correct order of the renal tubule regions is: | proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule |
| What is the membrane like that surrounds the glomerulus? | enlarged and cup-shaped |
| Blood pressure within the glomerulus is ____________? | high |
| Of the capillary beds associated with each nephron, the one that is both fed and drained by arterioles is the _____________. | glomerulus |
| The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called ___________. | filtration |
| What is the pH of urine normally? | 6 (acidic) |
| Is creatine found normally in urine? | yes |
| The specific gravity of urine is normally? | 1.001-1.035 |
| Is the bladder anterior to the pubic symphysis? | no |
| What is lithotripsy? | use of ultrasound waves to shatter kidney stones |
| The male gonads are the ___________. | testes |
| What is a zygote? | fertilized egg |
| What is the exocrine function of the male testes? | sperm production |
| The actual sperm forming area of the testes are the ______________________________. | seminiferous tubules |
| Androgens like testosterone are produced by? | interstitial cells of the testis |
| What is the correct order of the male duct system? From inside to outside. | 1. epididymic 2. ductus deferens 3. urethra |
| Where is the spermatic cord? | in the testes: encloses blood vessels, nerves, and vas deferens |
| Where is the membranous urethra located? | btwn. the prostatic urethra and penis |
| What are the components of semen? | fructose, chemicals, nutrients, sperm, seminalplasmin |
| What produces 60% of the fluid volume of semen? | seminal vesicles |
| The fluid from the prostate gland does what? | activates semen |
| What is the normal pH of semen? | 7.2-7.6 |
| For pregnancy to occur, sperm count must be above? | 20 million |
| What stage of life does spermatogenesis occur? | puberty |
| What are spermatogonia? | stem cells that go through mitotic divisions that begins sperm formation |
| Follicle stimulating hormone causes spermatogonium to produce? | stem cell (type A daughter cell) and another cell (type B daughter cell) |
| The final outcome of meiosis is how many cells? | 4 |
| How many chromosomes are in an ovum? | 23 |
| Are spermatids functional sperm? | no |
| The process of spermatogenesis takes how long? | 64-72 days |
| What are secondary sex characteristics in males? | deepening of voice, hair growth, enlargement of skeletal muscles, increased heaviness of skeleton |
| Where does fertilization normally occur? | fallopian tubes |
| How long is the journey of the oocyte from the uterine tube to the uterus following ovulation? | 3-4 days |
| Describe the fundus of the uterus. | superior rounded region above the entrance of the uterine tubes |
| What part of the uterus is sloughed off during menses? | functional layer of thick lining of uterus |
| A vasectomy is performed on a (man/woman)? | man |
| What are treatments for prostate problems? | using drugs to shrink it; inserting small balloon to compress prostate tissue away from urethra; radiation inserted by needle |
| What hormone is responsible for ovulation? | glutenizing hormone |
| The menstral cycle is on average ____ days long. | 28 |
| What occurs during the proliferative stage? | basal layer of endometrium regenerates functional layer, glands formed in it, endometrial blood supply increased |
| What are secondary sex characteristics in women? | enlargement of accessory organs, development of breasts, axillary and pubic hair, fat, widening of pelvis, menstrual cycle |
| What hormone does the corpus luteum primarily produce? | progesterone |
| Mammary glands are modified __________ glands. | sweat |
| The clusters of specific glands that produce milk when a woman is lactating are called? | lobules |
| For women 40-49, how often is a mammogram recommended? | every 2 years |
| For a sperm cell to fertilize an ovum, sexual intercourse must occur no more than ____ hours before ovulation. | 72 |
| What is measured in a woman's urine in a woman's urine to determine if pregnancy has occurred? | hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
| When (in weeks) is the placenta functioning? | 3 weeks |
| All organ systems are laid down, and the embryo looks human by about which week? | 8th week |
| What is the functional junction between two neurons? | synapse |
| What is essential for nerve impulse propagation? | action potential |
| What structures are considered the "refracting portion" of the eye? | cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor |
| Correctly list the order of all the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye. | cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor |
| Which hormone exerts its primary effects on reproductive the organs? | lutenizing hormone |
| What is the most abundant formed element? | red blood cell (erythrocytes) |
| Do mature red blood cells contain organelles? | no |
| Do white blood cells initiate the clotting process? | no |
| In adults, does blood cell formation occur in the shaft of the femur? | yes, and the skull, pelvis, ribs, and sternum |
| Type of stem cell that produces all the formed elements EXCEPT lymphocytes are _____________________. | hemocytoblasts |
| Which heart chamber receives blood directly from the four pulmonary veins? | left atrium |
| Are the pulmonary arteries considered to be part of the systemic circulation? | no. pulmonary circulation. |
| When the ventricles contract the bicuspid (mitral) valve prevents blood from flowing from the left ____________ to the _____________. | ventricle; atrium |
| What vessel receives blood during right ventricular systole? | pulmonary arteries/trunk |
| What causes the lub-dup sound of the heart? | closing of the AV valve |
| Are the valves in lymph nodes similar to those found in the veins? | no. different structurally. |
| The superior portion of the pharynx is called the? | nasopharynx |
| What passive process allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the respiratory membrane? | diffusion |
| Most nephrons are located within the renal _____________, | tubule |
| The peritubular capillaries arise from the ___________, which drains the glomerulus. | arterioles |
| Is urea typically reabsorbed by the tubules? | yes |
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biggreg19
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