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Organisation of the Body

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Question
Answer
Regulation of blood glucose levels   show
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Anatomy of the pancreas   show
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Innervation   show
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Islets of Langerhans   show
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Insulin   show
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show Increase in glucose moving in through GLUT1/2 Converted to ATP through oxidative metabolism ATP blocks potassium ATP channels Cell depolarises opening CVGGs Leads to exocytosis of vesicles  
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show Initial rapid rise in insulin conc following glucose consumption Continues to increase over the next 2 hours as glucose moves into cells  
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show Stimulated by increased blood glucose Inhibits release of glucose from the liver Promotes uptake of glucose into muscle and fat  
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show Increased blood glucose PSNS Amino acids Fatty acids Glucagon Gastrointestinal hormones SNS and Somatostatin inhibit  
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Insulin receptor   show
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Main actions of insulin   show
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Action of insulin on K   show
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show GLUT1 - plasma membrane of all cells - glucose, galactose and mannose GLUT2 - intestine, kidney etc - glucose and fructose GLUT3 - everywhere - glucose GLUT4 - muscle - glucose GLUT5 - gut - fructose  
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Sodium coupled glucose transporters   show
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show GLP-1 and GIP Enhance insulin secretion - more insulin when glucose given orally than IV Appetite regulation Peripheral insulin sensitivity Secreted from small intestine  
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Healthy vs diseased beta cells   show
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Release of incretin hormones   show
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show Inhibits glucagon secretion Stimulates insulin secretion Decreases appetite Inhibits gastric emptying  
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Production and degradation of GLP1   show
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Alpha cells and glucagon   show
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show Decreased blood glucose SNS AAs GI hormones inhibited by somatostatin and insulin  
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show Gas coupled GPCRs Mostly expressed on hepatocytes and adipocytes Mechanism of action involves adenylate cyclase activity and increase in cAMP Affects both gene expression and post translational modifications  
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Somatostatin   show
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Diabetes mellitus   show
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show Normal fasting plasma glucose - 3.5-5.5 mM Considered hypoglycaemic if <4 mM Diagnosis of diabetes if > 7 mM Normal individuals clear glucose in 2 hours diabetic >11.1 mM after 2 hours  
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show Type 1 - immune destruction of B cells Neonatal - mutations in K atp channels Type 2 - impaired b cell function and defective insulin signalling in metabolic syndrome Gestational diabetes Maturity onset diabetes of young people - mutations in 6 genes  
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show Insulin dependent Immune destruction of beta cells Complete lack of insulin signals starvation increasing gluconeogenesis and glycolysis Ketogenesis is upregulated Peak incidence 12-14 Genetic and environment play a role  
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Type 2 diabetes   show
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Complications of diabetes   show
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show A form of haemoglobin measured to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time HbA1c formed in non-enzymatic glycosylation on exposure to plasma glucose Marker of high glucose over a long period  
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show A result of covalent bonding of a protein or lipid with sugars like fructose and glucose A haphazard process that impairs function of targets  
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