Organisation of the Body
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| Congenital heart defects | show 🗑
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| Formation of the cardiac crescent | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral endoderm secretes Bmp2 which induces cardiac mesoderm formation
Inhibitors of Bmp2 e.g. Chordin and noggin produced by notochord and midline endoderm to repress cardiogenic formation
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| show | Angiogenic clusters coalesce to form angiogenic tubes
Condensation of mesoderm
Rostral to neural plate
Fuse in the midline by rostral folding
Mesodermal cells for cardiomyocytes
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| show | Lateral folding brings regions to the midline
The left and right dorsal aorta form - undergo remodelling in adults
Cardiac jelly - ECM
Endocardial tubes surrounded by myocardium
Flat sheet undergoes doral folding
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| show | Dorsal aorta
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Primitive ventricle
Primitive atrium
Sinus venosus
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| Contractile activity | show 🗑
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| Dorsal Mesocardium | show 🗑
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| show | Occurs between days 23-38
4 chambers are brought to the correct spatial arrangement
An intrinsic property of heart tubes - can dissect out heart and it will still fold
Has an effect on direction of blood flow
First sign of left right asymmetry
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| How to the ventricles and atrial move in looping | show 🗑
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| Asymmetry of the heart | show 🗑
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| show | Takes place between weeks 4-7
Separation of common atrium into left and right
Separation of common atrioventricular canal
Division of outflow tract
Separation of ventricle into left and right
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| Cardiac jelly | show 🗑
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| Formation of endocardial cushions | show 🗑
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| show | The superior and inferior cushions fuse separating the left and right atrioventricular canals
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| Atrial septation | show 🗑
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| Septum primum | show 🗑
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| show | Programmed cell death created perforations called foramen secundum at the top of the septum primum
Thick muscular SS starts to grow down to the right of the SP but does not fuse with S intermedium
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| Formation of Foramen Ovale | show 🗑
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| show | Two separate streams
Blood from placenta enters right atrium via IVC and tends to flo through foramen ovale into left atrium
Blood returning from embryo enters right atrium via SVC and flows into right side of the ventricle
Leave via Truncus Arteriosus
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| show | These are interlinked processes depending on haemodynamic forces generated by blood flow through the heart and left to right shift in symmetry
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| show | Interventricular septum grows from the base of the heart upwards towards the endocardial cushions
Interventricular septum defects are the most common congenital heart defect
Commonly affects membranous part of septum
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| show | The process of IV septation is continuous with the septation of the outflow tract
Haemodynamic forces cause by the 2 spiralling blood streams act on the cardiac jelly rich wall of the outflow tract
Pressure causes formation of spiral ridges that fuse
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| Septation of aortic and pulmonary outflow | show 🗑
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| show | Neural crest cells in the occipital region populate the conotruncal ridges of the outflow tract
Neural crest abnormalities are commonly linked with heart abnormalities
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| Outflow tract abnormalities | show 🗑
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| show | Abnormal blood flow can lead to problems of septation of outflow tract e.g. Fallots tetralogy
Leads to pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, over riding aorta and hypertrophy of the right ventricle
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| show | Form between 5-8 weeks
Endocardial cells migrate into cardiac jelly
Ventricular layer is hollowed out and thinned by cell death to form valve leaflet
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| show | Forms the future aortic and pulmonary trunks
Five pairs of aortic arches form - I, II, III, IV and VI (V is residual)
Not all present at once
Lies in pharyngeal arches
Many vessels lost or remodeled
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| Aortic arch remodelling | show 🗑
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| show | Venous drainage returns to the heart via the cardinal, umbilical and vitelline veins
Initially bilaterally symmetrical but is remodelled so that all the systemic venous blood drains into the right side of the heart via SVC and IVC
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| Venous system changes | show 🗑
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| Foetal circulation | show 🗑
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| Foetal circulation after birth | show 🗑
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