Organisation of the Body
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| What is a hormone | show 🗑
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| Examples of endocrine systems | show 🗑
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| Endocrine glands | show 🗑
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| show | Neurons that release hormones into the blood and into the CNS
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| Diffuse endocrine systems | show 🗑
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| show | Endocrine - in bloodstream
Paracrine - Local action not via blood
Autocrine - acts on the hormone that secretes it e.g. in tumour cells to enhance growth
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| show | Development, growth and differentiation
Maintaining a long term stable internal environment homeostasis
Responding to an altered external environment
Control of reproduction
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| show | Rapid - seconds or minutes
Intermediate - mins
Prolonged - hours or days
Depends on rapidity of release, half life of the hormone and rapidity of action
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| show | Fight or flight response
Rapid release - secs
Short half life - 10 secs
Rapid action - secs
Released in response to stress e.g. during asphyxia
Stored in granules for release
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| show | Regulation of plasma glucose after a meal - alters number of transmembrane glucose transporters in cells
Rapid release - secs
Short half life - 3-5 mins
Intermediate action
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| Example of slow action - cortisol | show 🗑
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| Hormone release in pulses | show 🗑
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| show | Pulses vary during the day
E.g. release of ACTH and cortisol is influenced by light due to inflammation of the retina
Secretion peaks in the hours before waking to prepare the body for waking
Pattern comes less pronounced with age
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| show | Usually stimulatory
How glands are triggered to release hormones
E.g. hypothalamus secretes CRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH which stimulates the endocrine gland to release cortisol
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| Feed back control | show 🗑
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| show | Amino Acid derived - T3, adrenaline
Polypeptide - insulin
Protein - prolactin
Glycoprotein - LH
Steroids - testosterone
Prostaglandins
Gaseous mediators - NO
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| Regulated secretion | show 🗑
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| show | Proteins are not concentrated
Vesicles are not stored in the cell
Contents are released as produced
Regulation is by control of transcription
e.g. growth factors, secretion from tumours
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| show | Euchromatic nucleus - highly transcriptionally active
Prominent ER and golgi
Lots of dense cored vesicles
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| Protein hormones produced as pro hormones | show 🗑
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| Prohormones containing several copies of a hormone | show 🗑
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| show | POMC protein initially produced is cleaved into MSH, ACTH, lipotropin and endorphin
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| Structure of Chromaffin cells | show 🗑
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| show | Tyrosine - L-DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase in cytoplasm
L-DOPA - dopamine by Dopa decarboxylase
Transported into vesicle
Dopamine - noradrenaline by dopamine hydroxylase
Back to cytoplasm
Noradrenaline - adrenaline by phenyl N-methyltransferase
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| show | Testes - testosterone
Ovary - oestrogen and progesterone
Adrenal - cortisol and aldosterone
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| show | Made rapidly from cholesterol via enzymes in mitochondria and SER
Not stored
Highly hydrophobic so can diffuse across membranes
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| Structure of a steroid producing cell | show 🗑
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| Biosynthesis of prostaglandins | show 🗑
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| show | An inhibitor of cyclooxygenase
Reduces pain and inflammation by blocking prostaglandin production
Should eat with aspirin to protect the stomach from damaging effects of reduced mucus production
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| Transport of hormones in blood | show 🗑
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| Metabolism and secretion of hormones | show 🗑
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| Endocrine pathology | show 🗑
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| show | Type 1 - autoimmune, lack of insulin
Type 2 - mechanism of action defect = hormone resistance syndrome
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| show | Autoimmune disease leading to an overactive thyroid
Antibodies mimic the thyroid stimulating hormone - binds to receptors and activates the thyroid
Thyroid produces excess thyroid hormone
Leads to fast metabolism - weight loss and anxiety
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| Cushing's Disease | show 🗑
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