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Organisation of the Body

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Question
Answer
What is a hormone   show
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show Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Pancreas Adrenal Gonads Gut hormones Local endocrine signalling  
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Endocrine glands   show
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show Neurons that release hormones into the blood and into the CNS  
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show Endocrine cells not arranged in glands but dispersed e.g. gut, respiratory tract, heart, kidney, fat  
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show Endocrine - in bloodstream Paracrine - Local action not via blood Autocrine - acts on the hormone that secretes it e.g. in tumour cells to enhance growth  
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Functions of endocrine systems   show
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show Rapid - seconds or minutes Intermediate - mins Prolonged - hours or days Depends on rapidity of release, half life of the hormone and rapidity of action  
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show Fight or flight response Rapid release - secs Short half life - 10 secs Rapid action - secs Released in response to stress e.g. during asphyxia Stored in granules for release  
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Example of intermediate action - Insulin   show
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Example of slow action - cortisol   show
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show Hormone secretion is dynamic Precise patterns of frequency and magnitude for each hormone e.g. prolactin oscillated in the day and peaks in morning Growth hormone pulses in the day but peaks at night Need to be careful when samples are taken  
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Diurnal rhythms   show
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Feed forward control   show
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Feed back control   show
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show Amino Acid derived - T3, adrenaline Polypeptide - insulin Protein - prolactin Glycoprotein - LH Steroids - testosterone Prostaglandins Gaseous mediators - NO  
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Regulated secretion   show
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show Proteins are not concentrated Vesicles are not stored in the cell Contents are released as produced Regulation is by control of transcription e.g. growth factors, secretion from tumours  
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show Euchromatic nucleus - highly transcriptionally active Prominent ER and golgi Lots of dense cored vesicles  
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show Rough ER - pre prohormone has a signal peptide Golgi - prohormone Vesicle - cleaved at dibasic sites to form active hormone and other peptide (may also be active)  
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show Pro thyrotrophin-releasing hormone made in the hypothalamus Prohormone is a chain of 3 AA hormones cleaved to form lots of active hormones  
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show POMC protein initially produced is cleaved into MSH, ACTH, lipotropin and endorphin  
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Structure of Chromaffin cells   show
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show Tyrosine - L-DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase in cytoplasm L-DOPA - dopamine by Dopa decarboxylase Transported into vesicle Dopamine - noradrenaline by dopamine hydroxylase Back to cytoplasm Noradrenaline - adrenaline by phenyl N-methyltransferase  
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show Testes - testosterone Ovary - oestrogen and progesterone Adrenal - cortisol and aldosterone  
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Biosynthesis of steroid hormones   show
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Structure of a steroid producing cell   show
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Biosynthesis of prostaglandins   show
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show An inhibitor of cyclooxygenase Reduces pain and inflammation by blocking prostaglandin production Should eat with aspirin to protect the stomach from damaging effects of reduced mucus production  
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Transport of hormones in blood   show
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Metabolism and secretion of hormones   show
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show Can involve production of hormone, release of the hormone and its mechanism of action Caused by genetic factors, tumours and autoimmune disease  
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Diabetes mellitus   show
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Graves disease   show
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show Too much cortisol from an adrenal cortex tumour Large quantities of cortisol lead to obesity This is reversible - once tumour removed symptoms disappear  
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