Blood vessels and hemodynamics
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| largest artery in the body | aorta
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| small network of capillaries in the smooth muscle layer of the vessel | vasa vasorum
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| three layers to a blood vessel | Tunia intama/interna, media (smooth muscle), and externa (expansive connective tissue and elastic fibers).
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| 2 types of arteries | Elastic (>1 cm. diameter, recoil. ex:aorta) and Muscular (mostly tunica media/smooth muscle, ex:brachial)
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| what are the layers like in arteries? | Intama just a few cell layers thick. Media the largest.
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| Layers in arterioles? Other name? | Thin intama (a few cell layers thick) and one or two cell layers thick of media. "Resistance vessels" because they regulate how much blood goes into capillaries.
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| Layers and types of capillaries. Other name? | 1 cell layer thick intama adhering to basement membrane (on outside). Types: Continuous (skeletal and smooth muscle, brain, lungs), Fenestrated (brain and kidneys), and Sinusoidal (liver, glands, spleen).
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| Layers in venules. Function? | T. interna and T. media. WBC emigration.
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| Layers of veins. | Thin T. interna and t. media. Thick externa.
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| Describe valves in veins. | Valves point toward the heart. Don't like pressure.
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| Valvular defect. | Vericose veins (congenital or from mechanical stress/prolonged standing) caused from leaking venous valves allowing back flow of blood from the deep veins to superficial veins. Moving and exercise help prevent.
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| Double sets of veins that escort arteries and connect to one another via venous channels. | Anastomosis.
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| Difference between systolic and diastolic numbers. Why significant? | Pulse pressure. High number might mean open ductus arteriosis.
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| 4 types of shock. | Hypovolemic (decreased blood volume), cardiogenic (defunct pump), vascular (inappropriate vasodialation), obstructive (blood flow stopped = embolism?)
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| What is shock? | Failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver sufficient oxygen to meet the body's needs.
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| Homeostatic response to shock. | 1)Activation of sympathetic ANS (vasoconstriction, increased BP, increased contractility, increased epi and norepi.2)Secretion of antidiuretic hormone.3)Release of local vasodilators.
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| Pre-hypertension is what currently? | 126/86
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