Blood
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| Definition of blood | Liquid connective tissue made of blood plasma.
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| Functions of blood. | Transportation (gasses, nutrients, hormones, waste), Protection(clotting, disease), Regulation (pH, T, Osmotic pressure-BP)
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| Components of blood. | 1)Blood plasma (55%total,91.5%H2O)2)Formed elements (45%total, cell fragments=platelets + cells=99%RBC, 1% WBC)
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| % of total blood volume occupied by RBC. Average %. Term for low. | Hematocrit. 42-47. Anemia.
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| Process of making blood cell. Primary location during life. | Hemopoiesis. Red bone marrow (of spongy bone).
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| As you age what change occurs to bone marrow? | Red bone marrow becomes inactive and is replaced by yellow marrow, decreasing rate of blood cell formation.
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| Other name for RBCs. | Erythrocytes (erythro=red)
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| RBCs contain what oxygen-carrying protein? | Hemoglobin
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| Why many new RBCs enter the circulation every second? Why? | 2 million/sec because RBCs are destroyed at an equally high rate.
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| Each RBC contains how many O2 carrying molecules? | 280 million hemoglobin molecules/RBC (bonus: 33% of total RBC weight)
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| Shape of RBC. Why? | Biconcave disk. O2 binds to concave sides?
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| What else does hemoglobin carry? | CO2 to lungs for exhalation.
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| What is RBC missing that other cells have? What does this mean? | Without a nucleus, it can not reproduce.
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| Life span of RBC. What happens to old ones? | After about 120 days, RBC are recycled (by miacrophages)in the liver and spleen, with no waste products.
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| Process of making any blood cell? Production of RBCs. | Hemopoiesis. Erythropoiesis
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| Precursor cell of RBC. Where found? Name of cell near end of development? Where found? How long till RBC? | Proerythroblast (w/nucleus) in red bone marrow divides several times, then ejects its nucleus (now indented)and called reticulocyte. This cell moves to bloodstream and in 1 to 2 days, mature (lose the last organelles) into RBC.
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| "retic count" | Count of reticulocytes as part of total RBC count.
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| Name for WBCs. How different than RBC? | Leukocytes have a nucleus and no hemoglobin.
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| Group of WBCs that stain. Types + coloration. | Granular leukocytes 1)Basophils (blue-purple w/basic dyes.>w/cancer,leukemia,
hypothyroidism) 2)Eosinophils (red-orange w/eosin/acidic dye.>w/parasite infection, allergies)3)Neutrophil (bands when young.1st to infection.>w. bacterial. Phagocytosis)
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| Group of WBCs that don't stain. Types. | Agranular leukocytes (teacher says no vessicles-book says too small) = dead neutrophils/pus. 1)Monocyte (>w/chronic disease + fungus. Days to reach inf. site. Phagocytosis) 2)Lymphocyte (B and T cells only deal with viruses)
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| Name of monocyte outside blood vessel. | Macrophage.
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| Cell fragments made from stem cells in red bone marrow. Why not cell? Shape? Formation. Function. Lifespan. Recycled by. | Platelets. No nucleus. Disc shaped. Hormone thrombopoietin + stem cell = megakaryocytes (splinter into 2000-3000 platelets). Promote clotting. Also form platelet plugs. 5-9days. Liver and Spleen.
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| Body stopping bleeding. | Hemostasis.
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| Just name 3 mechanisms that reduce blood loss. | Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting.
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| What first happens when arteries are damaged? | Vascular spasm= smooth muscle constricts and can do so for minutes to hours.
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| What do platelets do to help damaged vessels? | Platelets aggregate and stick to each other to from a platelet plug.
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| What are the 3 stages (fixed sequence) to blood clotting? | 1)Formation of prothrombinase (enzyme) + prothrombin (plasma protein of liver)= 2)Thrombin (enzyme) converts fibrinogen (plasma protein of liver) = 3)Fibrin (forms threads that trap formed elements and make clot)
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| 2 initial pathways of blood clotting (speed, mode) | Extrinsic (w/in seconds. Tissue factor (TF) leaked into bloodstream from cells outside blood vessel, initiates the formation of prothrombinase). Intrinsic (Slower- minutes. Damage w/in or to vessel. Activators in blood make prothrombinase).
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| Final pathway of blood clotting. | Formation of prothrombinase marks the beginning of the common pathway. Now on to thrombin and fibrin.
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| Tightening of clot. | Clot retraction = Fibrin threads tighten. Some serum (blood plasma-clotting proteins)may escape, formed elements caught. Damaged vessel edges come together. Fibroblasts then come and form connective tissue = scar.
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| Vitamin for blood clotting. | Vitamin K makes 4 of the 13 clotting factors. Bacteria in large intestine break Vit K down so body can use it.
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| Breakdown of unneeded fibrin threads (clot). | Fibrinolysis
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| Inhibitor of platelet adhesion and release. Produced by what? | Prostacyclin produced by WBCs.
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| Substance that delays, suppresses, or prevents blood clotting. Name and describe 3. | Anticoagulant. 1)Heparin (w/antithrombin, blocks thrombin. made by basophils) 2)Antithrombin (blocks several clotting factors) 3)Activated Protein C/ APC (inactivates clotting factors not blocked by antithrombin)
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| What may cause clotting within the cardiovascular system? Term. | Intravascular clotting may be from infection, trauma, or fat deposits w/in vessels.
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| Stationary blood clot w/in vessel. Moving blood clot (or other debris). | Thrombus (clotting in vessel = thrombosis). Embolus (lodged = Embolism).
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| Cause and S/S of DVT. | Deep vein thrombosis = thick blood due to dehydration of pills (BP pills) + sitting for long time = pain in legs. = swollen, red, hot. Sitting doesn't worsen. Painful w/movement
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| Just names of 2 blood groupings. | ABO system/blood group, Rh system/blood group
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| Blood group based on 2 antigens. Details. | ABO system/blood group. Person type named for antigens on RBC (A,B,AB,O).Antibodies in blood do NOT interact with antigens."Donated" blood will be destroyed by antibodies that can bind.
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| "Universal donor" and "universal recipient" | O (antibodies of recipient won't destroy donor RBCs with no antigens). AB (recipient has no antibodies to destroy donor RBCs)
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| Has Rh antigen on RBC. Doesn't. Role in transfusion. | Rh+, Rh-. If Rh- gets Rh+, immune system makes anti-Rh antibodies (all good). If Rh+ given again, RBCs will be destroyed (possible death). Rh+ from first baby. Anti-Rh antibody can cross placenta of 2nd Rh+ (possible miscarriage).
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| Problem with babies. Drug cure. | Rh+ from first baby. Anti-Rh antibody can cross placenta of 2nd Rh+ (possible miscarriage). Anti-Rh antibody RhoGAM given to Rh- mom (after birth, miscarriage, or abortion). Bind to fetal Rh antigens before mom's immune system can make her own antigen.
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