A&P Final Pt 3
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| How many bones are in the axial skeleton? | 80 bones
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| What are the three major regions of the axial skeleton? | skull & associated/ vertebral column/ thoracic cage
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| What are the functions of the axial skeleton? | Supports and protects organs in body cavities/ attch to muscles of head, neck and trunk/ performs resp mvmnt/ stabilizes parts of appendicular skeleto
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| What does the skull protect? | Brain/ Entrance to respiratory and digestive system
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| What are sutures? | Immovable joints of the skull
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| Know each of the sutures of the skull and which bones they connect. | Lambdoid: Separates occipital from parietal bones. contains sutural bones
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| Know each of the sutures of the skull and which bones they connect. | Coronal: attch frontal to parietal
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| Know each of the sutures of the skull and which bones they connect. | Sagittal: btwn parietal bones
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| Know each of the sutures of the skull and which bones they connect. | Squamous: Boundaries btwn temporal and parietal
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Occipital: forms posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Parietal: Form part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Frontal: Form the anterior cranium and upper eye sockets
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Temporal: Part of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches/ articulate with mandible/ surround and protect inner ear/ attach muscles of jaws and head
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Sphenoid: Part of the floor of cranium/ unites cranial and facial bones/ strengthens sides of the skull
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Ethmoid: Part of floor of cranium/ roof of nasal cavity/ part of the nasal septum and orbital wall
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Maxillae: Support upper teeth/ form inferior orbital rim, upper jaw, and hardpalate
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Palatine: Form the posterior portion of the hard plate/ contribute to the floors of the orbit
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Nasal: Support bridge of nose/ connect to cartilages of the distal part of the nose
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Vomer: Forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Inferior nasal conchae: Creates air turbulence in the nasal cavity/ warms and humidifies air/ increases epithelial surface area
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Zygomatic: Contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit/ form part of the zygomatic arch
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| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Lacrimal: Smallest facial bones/ form part of the medial wall of the orbit
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| Know the functions of each facial bone. | Mandible: Forms lower jaw/ Articulates with the temporal bone
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| What are the functions of the hyoid bone? | Attch muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue/ helps with swallowing and speech
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| What are fontanelles? | Soft spots that cover unfused sutures in the infant skull
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| What are the functions of the vertebral column? | Protects spinal cord/ supports head and body
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| How many total bones are in the vertebral column (adult)? | 26
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| What are the four curves of the spine? | Cervical/ thoracic/ lumbar/ sacral
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| What is the difference between primary and secondary curves? | Primary: Thoracic & sacral curves. Present during fetal develop(Accommodation)/
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| Primary curves are also called… | Accommodation curves
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| Secondary curves are also called … | Compensation curves
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| Which curves are primary and which are secondary? | Primary: Thoracic & Sacral
Secondary: Lumbar & Cervical
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| How many cervical vertebrae are there? Thoracic? Lumbar? | C7/ T12/ L5
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| What is the function of intervertebral discs? | Pads of fibrocartilage/ separate at vertebral bodies/ absorbs shocks
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| Know the location, structure, and functions of the atlas and axis. | Atlas (C1): Articulates w/ occipital condyles of skull. Has no body or spinous process/ Axis(C2): Supp the atlas. Heavy spinous process. Attch muscles of head and neck
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| What are the functions of the thoracic cage? | Supports and protects the thoracic cavity/ Consists of: thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum/ Attaches muscles
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| How many pairs of ribs are there in the thoracic cage? | 12 pairs of long, curved, flat bones
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| Know which ribs are true or false, and which ribs are vertebrosternal, vertebrochondral, or floating. | True Ribs: 1-7, Vertebrosternal ribs/ False Ribs: 8-12, Vertebrochondral ribs/ Floating: 11-12
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| What are the three parts of the sternum? | Manubrium/ Body/ Xiphoid process
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| What is the appendicular skeleton? | Arms and Legs
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| How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? | 126 Bones
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| Which bones make up the pectoral girdle? | Clavicles/ Scapulae
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| Which two bones make up the forearm? | Radius(lateral)/ Ulna(medial)
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| How are the radius and ulna connected along their shafts? | Interosseous membrane
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| What are the four PROXIMAL carpal bones? The four distal? | Scaphoid/Lunate/Triquetrum/Pisiform
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| What are the four proximal carpal bones? The four DISTAL? | Trapezium/Trapezoid/Capitate/Hamate
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| How are the metacarpals numbered? | I-V/ Thumb is I (lateral)
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| Which of the hand digits have two phalanges and which have three? | Pollex(thumb)/ Fingers
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| Which bones fuse to form the hip bones in adulthood? | Ilium/ Ischium/ Pubis
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| Where does the hip bone articulate with the femur? | Acetabulum
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| What structures make up the pelvis? | Sacrum/ Coccyx
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| Know the differences between the male and female pelvis. Why do these differences exist? | Female: Smoother and lighter, Less prominent muscle and ligament attch, more broad and shorter, enlarged pelvic outlet/ Child bearing
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| What type of bone is the patella? What is the function of these types of bones? (recall from chapter 6) | Sesamoid bone/ Kneecap
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| Which two bones make up the lower leg? | Tibia & Fibula
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| Which lower leg bone is larger and more responsible for weight bearing? | Tibia
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| Which lower leg bone is medial and which is lateral? | Tibia(medial), Fibula(lateral)
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| What are the seven tarsal bones? | Talas, calcaneus, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid
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| Which of the tarsals is most responsible for transferring weight from the tibia? | Talus
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| Which tarsal is considered the heel bone? 34. How are the metatarsals numbered? | Calcaneus
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| Which of the foot digits have two phalanges and which have three? | Hallux(big toe)/ Four toes
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| What is sexual dimorphism? | Distinct difference in size or appearance and between the sexual organs.
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| Why are bone markings generally less prominent in females than males? | Heavier bones and more prominent bone marking suggest more muscle mass
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| What is the relationship between joint strength and mobility? In other words, what happens to joint strength as joint mobility increases? | Joint strength decreases as mobility increases.
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| What is the difference between functional and structural classification of joints? | Structural: Based on anatomical composition of the joint (types of tissues that connect the two bones)/ Functional: Based on range of motion of the joint.
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| Be familiar with the three functional classifications of joints and how movable each type is | Synarthrosis: Immovable joint. Commonly fibrous joints, sometimes cartilaginous.
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| Be familiar with the three functional classifications of joints and how movable each type is | Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joint. Commonly cartilaginous joints, sometimes fibrous.
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| Be familiar with the three functional classifications of joints and how movable each type is | Diarthrosis: Freely movable joint. ALL are synovial joints.
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| What is the articular capsule? | Defines a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
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| What is synovial fluid? | Clear liquid that reduces friction
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| What are articular cartilages? | Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules. Prevents bones from touching
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| gliding | 2 surfaces slide past each other. Ex: btwn carpal or tarsal bones.
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| flexion/extension/hyperextension(Angular mvmnt) | Angular motion, sagittal plane reduces angle btwn mvmt/ ""Increases angle btwn elements/"" Extension past anatomical position.
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| abduction/adduction | Angular motion, frontal plane, moves away from longitudinal axis/""moves toward longitudinal axis
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| circumduction | Circular motion w/o rotation
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| rotation (left, right, medial, and lateral) | Direction of rotation from anatomical position. Relative to longitudinal axis of body/ Medial R: inward R/ Lateral R: Outward R
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| pronation/supination | Rotates forearm, radius over ulna/ Forearm in anatomical position
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| inversion/eversion | Twists sole of foot medially/"" laterally
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| dorsiflexion/plantar flexion | Flexion at ankle/ Extension at ankle
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| opposition/reposition | Thumb mvmt toward fingers or palm(grasping)/ opposite of opposition.
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| protraction/retraction | Moves anteriorly, horizontal plane(pushing forward)/ Opposite of protraction, moving posteriorly (pulling back)
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| elevation/depression/lateral flexion. | Moves up/ down/ bends vertebral column from side to side
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| gliding. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Flattened or slightly curved faces/ slight nonaxial or multiaxial/ Ex: acromioclavicular & claviculosternal joints, intercarpal & intertarsal joints, sacro-iliac joints
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| hinge. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Angular motion in s single plane (monaxial)/ Ex: Elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joint
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| pivot. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Rotation only (monaxial)/ Ex: Atlanto-axial & proximal radio-ulnar joint
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| condylar. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Oval articular face within a depression/ motion in two planes (biaxial)/ Ex: radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal 2-5, and metatarsophalangeal joints
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| saddle. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Two concave, straddled (biaxial)/ Ex: First carpometacarpal joint
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| ball-and-socket. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)/ Ex: Shoulder & hip joint
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| What are the most commonly injured joints? | Ankle, shoulder, knee
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| sprain | stretching or tearing of supporting ligaments
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| sprained ankle | Most common joint injury. Excessive inversion or eversion at ankle
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| ACL | stabilizes knee by attch femur to tibia. commonly torn in sports due to sudden stopping, changing direction, or twisting at knee
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| shoulder separation | Ligaments holding the acromioclavicular joint are stretched or torn.
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| dislocation | Articulating surfaces are dislodged out of place by excessive force.
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| muscle strain | muscles or tendons are overextended.
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| rotator cuff tear | group of four tendons that atttach to shoulder muscles to humerus. Can tear or break down/
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| tendonitis | Inflammation of tendons from overuse or acute injury.
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| tennis elbow | Excessive extension movements
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| patellofemoral syndrome | Pain in kneecap from overuse, articular cartilage breakdown, or muscle imbalances.
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| What is arthritis? | ALL forms of chronic joint pain or disease/ most forms have a genetic component that makes some people more likely than others to develop symptoms
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| What are some symptoms of arthritis? | Swelling/ pain/ stiffness/ decreased ROM
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