SNS
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| is a conscious or uncousious awareness of external or internal stimuli | sensation
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| conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation | perception
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| memories of our perception are stored in the | cortex
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| sensation is any stimuli that the BODY is | aware of
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| ex of sensation | chemoreceptors, thermo, nocicereceptors, ect..
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| some sensations that we arent aware of; why cant we? | xrays, ultra high frequency sound waves, UV light; no sensory receptors for those stimuli
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| property by which one sensation is distingished from another | sensory modality
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| generally, each type of sensory neuron can respond to only __ stimulus | one
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| the classes of sensory modalitles are | general and special senses
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| include both somatic and viseral senses, which provide info about conditions within internal organs | general senses
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| include modalitiles of smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equlibrium | special senses
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| events occuring within a sensation; ____ of the recepor & ______ of stimulus into a graded potential | - stimulation of recepor-trasduction (conversion) of stimulus into a graded potential
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| other events occuring within sensation; generation of ____ when graded potental reaches threshold | impulses
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| _____ of sensory input by the CNS can also happen within a sensation | integration
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| no structural specializaions in free nerve endings that provide us with pain, tickle, itch, temp | general sensory receptors (somatic receptors)
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| very complex structures- vision, hearing, taste, smell | special sensory structures (special sense recptors)
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| the structural classifcation of receptors; _____ endings bare ____; for pain, temp, tickle, itch and light touch | free nerve endings; bare dendrites
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| structural classification of receptors;_____ nerve endings for pressure, vibration, and deep touch | encapsulated nerve endings
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| in the encapsulated nerve endings the dendrites enclosed in _______ _____ ____ | connective tissue capsule
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| structual classification of receptors; ______ sensory cells; vision, taste, hearing, balance | separate sensory cells
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| seperate sensory cells are | specialized cells that respond to stimuli
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| detech pressure or stretch; touch, pressure, vibration, hearing, equlibrium and BP | mechanoreceptors
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| detect temp | thermoreceptors
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| detect damagae to tissue | nocieptors
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| detect light | photoreceptors
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| detect molecules; taste, smell and chagnes in body fluid chemistry | chemorecptors
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| free nerve endings, encapsulated n.e and olfactory receptors produce | generator potentials
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| when generator potential is large enough, it generates a _____ it a first order neuron | nerve impulse
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| vision, hearing, equlilbrium and taste receptors produce | receptor potential
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| receptor cells release _____ molecules on first-order neruons producing postsynaptic potentials | neurotransmitter
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| in receptor potential ____ may trigger a nerve impulse | PSP
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| near surface of body; recieve external stimuli | exteroceptors
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| monitors internal env. (BV or viscera); not conscious except for paint or pressure | interorecptors
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| muscle, tendon and joint and internal ear; senses body position and movement | proprioceptors
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| in sensory receptors, the tendency for the generator or receptor potential to decrease in amplitude during a maintained constant stiumulus | adaptation
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| smell, pressure, touch- specialized for dectecting changes | rapidly adapting receptors
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| pain, body position- nerve impulses cont. as long as stimulus persists- pain is not easily ignored | slowly adapting receptors
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| touch, pressure, and vibration plus itch and tickle | tactile sensations
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| refers to ability to perceive that something has simply touched the skin | crude touch
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| provides specific information about a touch sensations such as location, shape, size and texture of the soruce of the stimulation | discriminative touch (fine touch)
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| receptors for touch include _____ and _____ these are rapidly adapting receptors | corpuscles of touch (meissners corpuscles) and hair root plexuses
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| ____ and _____ are slowly adapting receptors for touch | Merkle discs and end organs of Ruffini
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| sustainted sensation that is felt over a larger area than touch | pressure
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| generally result from stiumulation of tactile receptor in deeper tissues and are longer lasting and have less variation in intesity than touch sensations | pressure sensations
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| receptors for pressure are _______ and adapt rapidly | lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
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| ___ and ___ receptors are free nerve endings | itch and tickle
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| ___ is the only sensation that you may not elict on yourself | tickle
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| discriminate touch and vibration- rapidly adapting; generate impulses mainly at onset of touch | Meissners Corpuscle
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| in meissners corpuscles the ___ are enclosed in CT in ______ of hairless skin | dendrites; dermal papillae
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| flattened dendrites touching cells of stratum basale; discriminative touch | Merkel Disc
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| 25% of receptors in hands | merkel Disc
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| found deep in dermis of skin; detech heavy touch, continuous touch and pressure | Ruffini Corpuscle
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| Sensation of pressure or high frequency vibration | Pacinian Corpuscle
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| found in subcutantous tissues and certain viscera; onion like enclosing a dendrite | Pacinian Corpuscle
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| free nerve endings that are located in nearly every body tissue | pain receptors (nocieptors)
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| free nerve endings found in every tissue of body except | brain
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| in pain sensation tissue injury releases chemicals such as ___, ___ or ____ that stim. nociceptors | K, kinin,s or prostaglandins
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| occurs rapidly after stimuli; Sharp pain like neddle puncture or cut | fast (acute) pain
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| fast pain occurs in larger _ nerve fibers | A
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| begins more slowly and incrases in intensity: aching or throbbing pain of toothache | slow (chronic) pain
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| slow pain is felt in both ___ and ___ tissues | superficial and deeper
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| somatic pain that arises form the stimulation of receptors in the skin is | superficial
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| somatic pain that arises from skeletal muscles, joints and tendors is | deep
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| usually felt in or just under the skin that overlies the siumulated organ | visceral pain
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| pain may also be felt in a surface area far from stiumulated organ in phenomenon known as | referred pain
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| located in skeletal muscles, tendons, in and around joints and in internal ear, movement of body parts and position | proprioceptive sensations
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| awareness of the activites of muscles, tendons and joints, balanace or equlibrium is provided by | proprioceptive or kinesthetic sense
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| in proprioceptice sensations the sensory info is sent to | cerebellum and cerebral cortex
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| receptors from proprioceptive receptors include | muscle spindle, tendon organs, and joint kinesthic recepotrs
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| strechting of muscle streches the muscle spindles sending _______ info back to the ____ | sensory info; CNS
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| spindle sensory fiber monitor changes in _____ | muscle lengh
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| in mus. spindles the brain regulates muscle tone by controlling | nerve fibers
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| golgi tendon organs are found | junction of tendon and muscle
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| when tendon is overly stretched, sensory signals head for CNS , result in the muscles _____ | relaxation
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| found in joint capsule; respond to pressure | Ruffini corpuscles
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| found in CT around joint; respond to acceleration and deceleration of joints | Pacinian corpuscles
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| relay info from somatic receptors to primary somatosensory area in cerebral cortex | somatic sensory pathways
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| ____order neuron conduct impulses to the ____ | first order: CNS (brainstem or SC) either spinal or cranial nerves
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| ____ order neurons conducts impulses from ____ to _____; cross over to opposite side of body | second; brainstem or SC to thalamus
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| ___ order neurons conducts impulses from ____ to primary _______ (postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe) | third; thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex
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| ____ or ____ pathways carry mainly pain and temp impulses | anterolateral or sinothalamic
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| anterolateral or spinothalamic are what neuron pathway | 3
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| ___ also relay the sensations of tickle itch and some tactile impulses | anterolateral pathways
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| ____ ____ tract carries pain and temp | lateral spinothalamic
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| ___ tract carries tickle, itch, crude touch and pressue | anterior
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| first cell body in ___ with synapses in cord | DRG
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| 2nd cell body in ____ matter of cord, sends fibers to other side of cord and up through ____ matter to synapse in thalamus | gray, white
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| 3rd cell body in ___ projects to _____ ____ | thalamus to cerebral cortex
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| the ___ spinocerebellar and ___ spinocerebellar tracts are the major routes whereby ____ impules reach the cerebellum | posterior and anterior; proprioceptive
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| impulses coveyed to the cerebellum are critical for | posture, balance, and coordination of skilled movements
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| these lower motor neurons are called the _____ because many regulatory mechanisms converge of these peripheral neurons | final common pathways
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| motor portions of cerebral cortex | initiate and control precise movements
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| somatic motor pathways: direct pathways | from cerebral cortex to SC and out to muscles
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| somatic motor pathways: indirect pathway | includes synapses in cerebellum
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| direct motor pathways provide input to the lower motor neurons via ____that extend directly from Cerbral Cortex | axons
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| indirect pathways provide input motor neruons from ___ ____ in the brainstem | motor centers
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| damage of lower motor neurons produces | flaccid paralysis
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| while injury to upper motor neurons causes | spastic paralysis
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| primary motor area is located in ____ of the frontal lobe | precentral gyrus
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| upper motor neurons in primary motor area initiate | voluntary movements
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| the _____ area devoted to a muscle is proportional to the number of ____ | cortical area; motor units
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| more cortical area is needed if number of motor units in a muscle is high. examples include | vocal cords, tongue, lips, fingers, thumb
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| include lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts | direct pathway or pyramidal tract
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| ___ upper motor neurons in cerebral cortext | 1 million
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| axons form ______ in cerebrum and pyramids in the ______ | internal capsules; medulla oblongata
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| ___ of fibers decussate (cross over) in the medulla; right side controls left side muscles | 90%
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| direct motor pathway terminate on ___ which synapse on lower motor neurons | interneurons
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| direct motor pathway terminates on interneurons which synpase on lower motor neurons in either | - nuclei of cranial nerves- anterior horns of spinal cord
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| cortex, cerebral peduncles, 90% decussation of axons in medulla, tract formed in lateral column | lateral cortiospinal tracts
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| skilled movements (hands and feet) | lateral cortiocospinal tract
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| the 10% of axons that do not cross; controls neck and trunk muscles | anterior corticospinal muslc;es
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| damage lower motor neurons | flaccid paralysis
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| no voluntary movement on same side as damage, no reflecx actions, muscle lip and flaccid, decreased muscle tone | flaccid
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| damage to upper motor neurons | spastic
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| paralysis on opposite side from injury, increased muscle tone, exaggerated reflexs | spastic
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| is actice in both learning and performing rapid, coordinated, high skilled movements and in maintaining proper posture and equlibrum | cerebellum
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| damage to cerebellum is evidence by | ataxia and intention tremors
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| cerebellar function | - learning- corrdinating and skilled movements- posture and equilibrum
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| sensation of pain in limb that has been amputated | phantom pain
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| in phantom pain; the brain interprets nerve impulses arising in the remaing proximal portions of the ___ nerves as coming from the _____ limb | sensory nerves; nonexistant (phantom) limb
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| another explination for phantom pain is that the neurons in the brain that revieved input from the missing limb are still | acitive
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| paralysis of one limb only | monoplegia
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| paralysis of both upper or both lower | diplegia
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| paralysis of one side | hemiplegia
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| paralysis of all four limbs | quadripleidga
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| loss of reflex function (areflexia) | spinal shock
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| progressive degeration of CNS neruons of the basal nucli region due to unknown causes that decreases ___ | Parkinsons; dopamine
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| in parkinsons, neruons from the ____ do not release enough dopamine onto ____ _____ | substania nigra; basal ganglia
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