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CHAP16 SNS
SNS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| is a conscious or uncousious awareness of external or internal stimuli | sensation |
| conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation | perception |
| memories of our perception are stored in the | cortex |
| sensation is any stimuli that the BODY is | aware of |
| ex of sensation | chemoreceptors, thermo, nocicereceptors, ect.. |
| some sensations that we arent aware of; why cant we? | xrays, ultra high frequency sound waves, UV light; no sensory receptors for those stimuli |
| property by which one sensation is distingished from another | sensory modality |
| generally, each type of sensory neuron can respond to only __ stimulus | one |
| the classes of sensory modalitles are | general and special senses |
| include both somatic and viseral senses, which provide info about conditions within internal organs | general senses |
| include modalitiles of smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equlibrium | special senses |
| events occuring within a sensation; ____ of the recepor & ______ of stimulus into a graded potential | - stimulation of recepor-trasduction (conversion) of stimulus into a graded potential |
| other events occuring within sensation; generation of ____ when graded potental reaches threshold | impulses |
| _____ of sensory input by the CNS can also happen within a sensation | integration |
| no structural specializaions in free nerve endings that provide us with pain, tickle, itch, temp | general sensory receptors (somatic receptors) |
| very complex structures- vision, hearing, taste, smell | special sensory structures (special sense recptors) |
| the structural classifcation of receptors; _____ endings bare ____; for pain, temp, tickle, itch and light touch | free nerve endings; bare dendrites |
| structural classification of receptors;_____ nerve endings for pressure, vibration, and deep touch | encapsulated nerve endings |
| in the encapsulated nerve endings the dendrites enclosed in _______ _____ ____ | connective tissue capsule |
| structual classification of receptors; ______ sensory cells; vision, taste, hearing, balance | separate sensory cells |
| seperate sensory cells are | specialized cells that respond to stimuli |
| detech pressure or stretch; touch, pressure, vibration, hearing, equlibrium and BP | mechanoreceptors |
| detect temp | thermoreceptors |
| detect damagae to tissue | nocieptors |
| detect light | photoreceptors |
| detect molecules; taste, smell and chagnes in body fluid chemistry | chemorecptors |
| free nerve endings, encapsulated n.e and olfactory receptors produce | generator potentials |
| when generator potential is large enough, it generates a _____ it a first order neuron | nerve impulse |
| vision, hearing, equlilbrium and taste receptors produce | receptor potential |
| receptor cells release _____ molecules on first-order neruons producing postsynaptic potentials | neurotransmitter |
| in receptor potential ____ may trigger a nerve impulse | PSP |
| near surface of body; recieve external stimuli | exteroceptors |
| monitors internal env. (BV or viscera); not conscious except for paint or pressure | interorecptors |
| muscle, tendon and joint and internal ear; senses body position and movement | proprioceptors |
| in sensory receptors, the tendency for the generator or receptor potential to decrease in amplitude during a maintained constant stiumulus | adaptation |
| smell, pressure, touch- specialized for dectecting changes | rapidly adapting receptors |
| pain, body position- nerve impulses cont. as long as stimulus persists- pain is not easily ignored | slowly adapting receptors |
| touch, pressure, and vibration plus itch and tickle | tactile sensations |
| refers to ability to perceive that something has simply touched the skin | crude touch |
| provides specific information about a touch sensations such as location, shape, size and texture of the soruce of the stimulation | discriminative touch (fine touch) |
| receptors for touch include _____ and _____ these are rapidly adapting receptors | corpuscles of touch (meissners corpuscles) and hair root plexuses |
| ____ and _____ are slowly adapting receptors for touch | Merkle discs and end organs of Ruffini |
| sustainted sensation that is felt over a larger area than touch | pressure |
| generally result from stiumulation of tactile receptor in deeper tissues and are longer lasting and have less variation in intesity than touch sensations | pressure sensations |
| receptors for pressure are _______ and adapt rapidly | lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles |
| ___ and ___ receptors are free nerve endings | itch and tickle |
| ___ is the only sensation that you may not elict on yourself | tickle |
| discriminate touch and vibration- rapidly adapting; generate impulses mainly at onset of touch | Meissners Corpuscle |
| in meissners corpuscles the ___ are enclosed in CT in ______ of hairless skin | dendrites; dermal papillae |
| flattened dendrites touching cells of stratum basale; discriminative touch | Merkel Disc |
| 25% of receptors in hands | merkel Disc |
| found deep in dermis of skin; detech heavy touch, continuous touch and pressure | Ruffini Corpuscle |
| Sensation of pressure or high frequency vibration | Pacinian Corpuscle |
| found in subcutantous tissues and certain viscera; onion like enclosing a dendrite | Pacinian Corpuscle |
| free nerve endings that are located in nearly every body tissue | pain receptors (nocieptors) |
| free nerve endings found in every tissue of body except | brain |
| in pain sensation tissue injury releases chemicals such as ___, ___ or ____ that stim. nociceptors | K, kinin,s or prostaglandins |
| occurs rapidly after stimuli; Sharp pain like neddle puncture or cut | fast (acute) pain |
| fast pain occurs in larger _ nerve fibers | A |
| begins more slowly and incrases in intensity: aching or throbbing pain of toothache | slow (chronic) pain |
| slow pain is felt in both ___ and ___ tissues | superficial and deeper |
| somatic pain that arises form the stimulation of receptors in the skin is | superficial |
| somatic pain that arises from skeletal muscles, joints and tendors is | deep |
| usually felt in or just under the skin that overlies the siumulated organ | visceral pain |
| pain may also be felt in a surface area far from stiumulated organ in phenomenon known as | referred pain |
| located in skeletal muscles, tendons, in and around joints and in internal ear, movement of body parts and position | proprioceptive sensations |
| awareness of the activites of muscles, tendons and joints, balanace or equlibrium is provided by | proprioceptive or kinesthetic sense |
| in proprioceptice sensations the sensory info is sent to | cerebellum and cerebral cortex |
| receptors from proprioceptive receptors include | muscle spindle, tendon organs, and joint kinesthic recepotrs |
| strechting of muscle streches the muscle spindles sending _______ info back to the ____ | sensory info; CNS |
| spindle sensory fiber monitor changes in _____ | muscle lengh |
| in mus. spindles the brain regulates muscle tone by controlling | nerve fibers |
| golgi tendon organs are found | junction of tendon and muscle |
| when tendon is overly stretched, sensory signals head for CNS , result in the muscles _____ | relaxation |
| found in joint capsule; respond to pressure | Ruffini corpuscles |
| found in CT around joint; respond to acceleration and deceleration of joints | Pacinian corpuscles |
| relay info from somatic receptors to primary somatosensory area in cerebral cortex | somatic sensory pathways |
| ____order neuron conduct impulses to the ____ | first order: CNS (brainstem or SC) either spinal or cranial nerves |
| ____ order neurons conducts impulses from ____ to _____; cross over to opposite side of body | second; brainstem or SC to thalamus |
| ___ order neurons conducts impulses from ____ to primary _______ (postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe) | third; thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex |
| ____ or ____ pathways carry mainly pain and temp impulses | anterolateral or sinothalamic |
| anterolateral or spinothalamic are what neuron pathway | 3 |
| ___ also relay the sensations of tickle itch and some tactile impulses | anterolateral pathways |
| ____ ____ tract carries pain and temp | lateral spinothalamic |
| ___ tract carries tickle, itch, crude touch and pressue | anterior |
| first cell body in ___ with synapses in cord | DRG |
| 2nd cell body in ____ matter of cord, sends fibers to other side of cord and up through ____ matter to synapse in thalamus | gray, white |
| 3rd cell body in ___ projects to _____ ____ | thalamus to cerebral cortex |
| the ___ spinocerebellar and ___ spinocerebellar tracts are the major routes whereby ____ impules reach the cerebellum | posterior and anterior; proprioceptive |
| impulses coveyed to the cerebellum are critical for | posture, balance, and coordination of skilled movements |
| these lower motor neurons are called the _____ because many regulatory mechanisms converge of these peripheral neurons | final common pathways |
| motor portions of cerebral cortex | initiate and control precise movements |
| somatic motor pathways: direct pathways | from cerebral cortex to SC and out to muscles |
| somatic motor pathways: indirect pathway | includes synapses in cerebellum |
| direct motor pathways provide input to the lower motor neurons via ____that extend directly from Cerbral Cortex | axons |
| indirect pathways provide input motor neruons from ___ ____ in the brainstem | motor centers |
| damage of lower motor neurons produces | flaccid paralysis |
| while injury to upper motor neurons causes | spastic paralysis |
| primary motor area is located in ____ of the frontal lobe | precentral gyrus |
| upper motor neurons in primary motor area initiate | voluntary movements |
| the _____ area devoted to a muscle is proportional to the number of ____ | cortical area; motor units |
| more cortical area is needed if number of motor units in a muscle is high. examples include | vocal cords, tongue, lips, fingers, thumb |
| include lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts | direct pathway or pyramidal tract |
| ___ upper motor neurons in cerebral cortext | 1 million |
| axons form ______ in cerebrum and pyramids in the ______ | internal capsules; medulla oblongata |
| ___ of fibers decussate (cross over) in the medulla; right side controls left side muscles | 90% |
| direct motor pathway terminate on ___ which synapse on lower motor neurons | interneurons |
| direct motor pathway terminates on interneurons which synpase on lower motor neurons in either | - nuclei of cranial nerves- anterior horns of spinal cord |
| cortex, cerebral peduncles, 90% decussation of axons in medulla, tract formed in lateral column | lateral cortiospinal tracts |
| skilled movements (hands and feet) | lateral cortiocospinal tract |
| the 10% of axons that do not cross; controls neck and trunk muscles | anterior corticospinal muslc;es |
| damage lower motor neurons | flaccid paralysis |
| no voluntary movement on same side as damage, no reflecx actions, muscle lip and flaccid, decreased muscle tone | flaccid |
| damage to upper motor neurons | spastic |
| paralysis on opposite side from injury, increased muscle tone, exaggerated reflexs | spastic |
| is actice in both learning and performing rapid, coordinated, high skilled movements and in maintaining proper posture and equlibrum | cerebellum |
| damage to cerebellum is evidence by | ataxia and intention tremors |
| cerebellar function | - learning- corrdinating and skilled movements- posture and equilibrum |
| sensation of pain in limb that has been amputated | phantom pain |
| in phantom pain; the brain interprets nerve impulses arising in the remaing proximal portions of the ___ nerves as coming from the _____ limb | sensory nerves; nonexistant (phantom) limb |
| another explination for phantom pain is that the neurons in the brain that revieved input from the missing limb are still | acitive |
| paralysis of one limb only | monoplegia |
| paralysis of both upper or both lower | diplegia |
| paralysis of one side | hemiplegia |
| paralysis of all four limbs | quadripleidga |
| loss of reflex function (areflexia) | spinal shock |
| progressive degeration of CNS neruons of the basal nucli region due to unknown causes that decreases ___ | Parkinsons; dopamine |
| in parkinsons, neruons from the ____ do not release enough dopamine onto ____ _____ | substania nigra; basal ganglia |
Created by:
Mollie28
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