Organisation of the Body
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| Skin | show 🗑
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| show | Interaction with the environment
Protective - mechanical, chemical etc
Interactive - friction, temp control
Immune surveillance and pathogen block
Synthetic - vit D, GF
Sense organ
Communication with others
Absorptive
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| Three layers of the skin | show 🗑
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| show | Stratum corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale - rete ridges
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| Stratum basale | show 🗑
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| Junctional complexes in epithelia | show 🗑
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| Hemidesmosomes | show 🗑
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| show | Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhans cells
All appear with a clear cytoplasm
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| Melanocyte function | show 🗑
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| show | Eumelanosomes
Pheomelanosomes - more red and yellow due to increased sulphur content
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| Defects of melanosome | show 🗑
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| What are melanosomes | show 🗑
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| Melanocyte development | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulation of melanocyte expansion by UV
Café-au-lait spot - increased melanin associated with underlying disease in some cases
Naevus - benign tumour of melanocytes
Malignant melanoma - irregular edges, multiple shades and asymmetrical
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| Stratum Spinosum | show 🗑
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| show | High levels of keratin with no new production
Basophilic granules - proteins containing sulphur rich AAs for linking e.g. involucrin and loricrin
Small keratinosomes - water repellent lipids
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| Cornified cell envelope | show 🗑
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| Stratum Corneum | show 🗑
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| Skin thickness | show 🗑
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| show | On palms and soles
Parallel curved arrays
Epidermal ridges
Sweat glands open onto apex
Inherited, stable through life
Provide grip and are a sensory organ - receptors under epidermis in dermal ridges
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| Nails | show 🗑
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| show | Dominant connexin 26 mutations
Leads to deafness and severe keratosis (epidermis thickens and can amputate the digit)
Causes abnormal gap junction formation- involved in keratinisation
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| show | Recessive transglutaminase 1 mutations
Sever scaling of the skin
Failure to crosslink proteins in the outer layer of skin
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| Dystrophic Epidermis bullosa | show 🗑
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| show | Dominant mutation in keratins 5 and 14
Recessive mutations in plexin
Can also lead to muscular dystrophy (involved in attachment of desmin to sarcolemma)
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| show | Recessive mutations in integrin alpha 6 and beta 4
Pyloric atresia JEB - intestinal blistering and congenital skin absence e.g. heels and legs
Mutations in laminin 5 (Herlitz JED - usually dies from respiratory distress)
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| Pemphigus | show 🗑
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| show | Epidermis - ectoderm
Dermis -mesodermal
<2 months - ectoderm forms periderm and epidermis proper
7-8 weeks - presumptive melanocytes and Langerhans cells migrate in and fine hair follicles form
4 months - sweat gland bud
5 months - sebaceous glands
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| show | Regulated by signals from dermis (FGF7) and epidermis (TGF-alpha)
TGF alpha may be upregulated in psoriasis - scaly skin
Presumptive hair forming cells in mouse epidermis make Shh to instruct dermis to induce epidermal differentiation
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| Dermis | show 🗑
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| show | Cutaneous plexus - hypodermis/dermis junction
Subpapillary plexus - upper dermis, superficial appendages
Arteriovenous shunts - thermoregulation, especially dermis of extremities - can divert blood away during the cold
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| Nerves of the skin | show 🗑
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| Hypodermis (Subcutis) | show 🗑
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| show | Pilosebaceous apparatus - hair follicle/shaft and accessory structures
Glands - eccrine and apocrine
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| show | Variable levels in different parts of the body
Hair shaft surrounded by a hair follicle an epidermal downgrowth, which extends into the dermis and hypodermis
Hair shaft grows from hair bulb containing dividing epithelial cells, surrounds dermal papilla
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| Pilosebaceous unit | show 🗑
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| Arrector pili muscle | show 🗑
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| Sebaceous units | show 🗑
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| Eccrine glands | show 🗑
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| Apocrine glands | show 🗑
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| show | Psoriasis - abnormal immune response leads to excess skin formation and scaling
Acne - hair follicles blocked by sebum (can be infected)
Eczema - excessive immune response -itchy rash and scaling may be at site of contact or a general response
Vitiligo
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