Organisation of the Body
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| Skin | show 🗑
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| show | Interaction with the environment
Protective - mechanical, chemical etc
Interactive - friction, temp control
Immune surveillance and pathogen block
Synthetic - vit D, GF
Sense organ
Communication with others
Absorptive
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| Three layers of the skin | show 🗑
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| show | Stratum corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale - rete ridges
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| show | Renews epidermis every 25-30 days
Contain stem cells and daughter cells that divide to produce keratinocytes and other epidermal cell types
Low columnar/cuboidal cells expressing specific keratin isoforms - aggregate to form tonofilaments
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| show | Contains tight junctions in the upper layers for impermeably and to block GF diffusion
Mainly desmosome and hemidesmosomes
Can see the importance of intermediate filament structures by diseases affecting them
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| show | Connect the basal cell layer to the basement membrane
Contains integrins and selectins, which interact to hold cells to the membrane
Plaques on the cell membrane anchor intermediate filaments (tonofilaments)
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| show | Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhans cells
All appear with a clear cytoplasm
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| Melanocyte function | show 🗑
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| Types of melanosome | show 🗑
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| Defects of melanosome | show 🗑
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| show | Modified lysosomes
Defects in lysosomal protein trafficking will lead to defects in pigment granules in humans (OCA)
Same in mice and flies
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| show | Derivatives of neural crest cells that migrate around the body
Defects in neural crest cell development and migration produce pigmentation defects e.g dominant piebald trait from mutation of receptor tyrosine kinase kit
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| Skin colour - Abnormalities | show 🗑
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| Stratum Spinosum | show 🗑
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| Stratum Granulosum | show 🗑
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| show | Contents of keratinosomes and keratinohyaline granules together with tonofilaments form mature cross linked keratin under the keratinocyte plasma membrane
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| show | Reminents of dead keratinocytes including desmosomes, tonofilaments and cornified cell envelope
Determines the thickness of the skin
Outer layers slough off at 1.5g a day
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| Skin thickness | show 🗑
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| Fingerprints (Papillary ridges) | show 🗑
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| Nails | show 🗑
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| Vohwinkle syndrome | show 🗑
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| Lamellar icthyosis | show 🗑
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| show | Dominant mutations in collagen VII gene, leads to blistering and scarring
The desmosomes/ hemidesmosomes do not form so dermis and epidermis separate
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| show | Dominant mutation in keratins 5 and 14
Recessive mutations in plexin
Can also lead to muscular dystrophy (involved in attachment of desmin to sarcolemma)
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| show | Recessive mutations in integrin alpha 6 and beta 4
Pyloric atresia JEB - intestinal blistering and congenital skin absence e.g. heels and legs
Mutations in laminin 5 (Herlitz JED - usually dies from respiratory distress)
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| show | Anti desmoglein autoantibodies
Skin blistering disease as cells detach
Antibodies to both Dsg1 and 3 (major component of deeper desmosomes) - pemphigus vulgaris with deep blisters
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| Development of skin | show 🗑
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| Basal cell proliferation | show 🗑
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| Dermis | show 🗑
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| Blood supply | show 🗑
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| show | Merkel cells (epidermis basal layer) - touch
Free nerve endings in dermis - pain, itch and temperature (may contact Merkel cells)
Meissner's corpuscle - dermis for light touch
Pacinian corpuscle - deep in dermis for course touch, vibration and tension
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| Hypodermis (Subcutis) | show 🗑
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| Skin appendages | show 🗑
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| show | Variable levels in different parts of the body
Hair shaft surrounded by a hair follicle an epidermal downgrowth, which extends into the dermis and hypodermis
Hair shaft grows from hair bulb containing dividing epithelial cells, surrounds dermal papilla
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| show | Hair follicle
Shaft
Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous glands
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| Arrector pili muscle | show 🗑
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| Sebaceous units | show 🗑
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| show | Virtually ubiquitous
Simple coiled tubular glands in superficial part of subcutis - sweat
Cholinergic sympathetic control
Thermoregulation and excretion
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| Apocrine glands | show 🗑
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| show | Psoriasis - abnormal immune response leads to excess skin formation and scaling
Acne - hair follicles blocked by sebum (can be infected)
Eczema - excessive immune response -itchy rash and scaling may be at site of contact or a general response
Vitiligo
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