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Organisation of the Body

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Question
Answer
Scale of cancer   show
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show Differentiation is incomplete to some extent Described in terms of tumour grade Grade I - well differentiated Grade III - poorly differentiated Has prognostic value  
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Stage of tumours   show
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show Different cancers have different clinical outcomes Judged by survival or progression free survival Early stage cancers have the best prognosis whilst late stage cancers have the worst Linked to treatment options  
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show Surgery 49% - can cure local cancers by removing the tumour Radiotherapy 40% - large contribution Chemotherapy 11% - relatively little use except in certain tumour types  
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show Detected by damage sensors e.g. ATM Can lead to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis  
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Ionising radiation   show
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show A radioactive isotope of iodine used to treat thyroid cancer and hyper-thyroidism (Grave's disease) Thyroid is a natural scavenger of iodine, so it concentrates in the thyroid gland Repurposed for other purposes e.g. target CD20 receptors on B cells  
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Brachytherapy   show
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show 60% of patients receive this (alone or alongside chemo/surgery) High energy X rays delivered with a linear accelerator Localised against the tumour to avoid normal tissue Patient is immobilised Planning CT performed Can be palliative or curative  
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Linear accelerator   show
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show Ionisation of water forces out electrons The scattered photons then have an increased wavelength Electron has a lower wavelength - depth of the effect is pronounced -  
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Distribution of dose   show
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Organs at risk   show
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Beam modification - multi leaf collimation   show
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show Thick end absorbs the beam more that the thin part Alters dose distribution of the beam Steepness of the wedge determines the change in beam characteristic Dynamic wedges more common than manual wedges  
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Gross tumour volume   show
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Clinical target volume   show
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Planning Target volume   show
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Immobilisation   show
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What does the level of immobilisation depend on   show
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show Patient undergoes a CT wearing any immobilising structures They are in the same position as they will be for the radiation - markers are placed on the patient to ensure the same position is used each time  
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3D conformal radiotherapy - Planning   show
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3D conformal radiotherapy - process   show
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Work plan of radiotherapy   show
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Stereotactic radiotherapy   show
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Intensity modulated radiotherapy   show
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