Organisation of the Body
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| Main tissues in the body | show 🗑
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| show | Barrier between outside and inside organism
Protection both mechanical and chemical from radiation, desiccations, toxins, pathogens, trauma
Absorption in kidney and intestine
Secretion in respiratory and alimentary tract
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| show | Covering and lining epithelia - sheets that cover the body on external and internal surfaces
Glandular/secretory epithelium - originated from invaginated epithelial cells as 3D secretory units
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| show | Squamous - permeability - transport across
Cuboidal - lining - absorption/secretion
Columnar - protection, lubrication, absorption/secretion
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| show | Simple - single layer
Stratified - several layers (can be keratinised)
Pseudostratified - appearance of layers but none present
Transitional - several layers may change shape
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| Classification by function | show 🗑
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| show | Cilia - movement of particles
Microvilli - increase absorption area
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| show | Lines blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, loop on Henle and alveoli
A single layer of flat cells, nuclei appear as bumps
For diffusion, secretion, some protection and secretion/absorption
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| show | Kidney tubules, glands and ducts, terminal bronchioles and choroid plexus
Single layer of cube cells with microvilli or cilia
Active transport and facilitated diffusion result in secretion/absorption and movement of mucus
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| Simple columnar epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | Non-keratinised - mouth, larynx, oesophagus
Keratinised - skin
Multiple layers of cells cuboidal at the base but stratified at the top. Keratinised - cytoplasm replaced by keratin
For protection against abrasion and infection
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| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | Lining of nasal cavity, sinuses, auditory tubes, trachea and bronchi
Single layer of cell, with some reaching the free surface and others not. Ciliated and associated with goblet cells
Synthesise and secrete mucus onto free surface and move mucus
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| show | Lining of bladder, ureters and superior urethra
Stratified cells that appear cuboidal when not stretched and squamous when stretched by fluid
Accommodated fluctuations in the volume of fluid in an organ or tube
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| show | Cilia - microtubule core in respiratory tract
Microvilli - microfilament core in the small intestine
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| show | On columnar epithelium of gut
To increase surface area for absorption
Microfilament core - actin
Allows cell to change shape
Give a brush border appearance
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| Cilia | show 🗑
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| show | Axoneme core = 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
Motor protein to generate force - dynein
Microtubule gliding powered by ATP hydrolysis
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| Exocrine glands | show 🗑
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| Endocrine glands | show 🗑
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| Goblet cells | show 🗑
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| show | Cilia of cells beat up and out to shift mucus produced by goblet cells
Beneath epithelium - connective supporting tissue (Lamina propria)
Epithelium and lamina propria = mucosa
Beneath mucosa - submucosa and adventitia (connective tissue Larger glands)
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| show | Can be derived from any of the three germ layers
Location dictated which layer it was formed from
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| Ectodermal epithelia | show 🗑
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| show | Simple
Lining of respiratory tract
Small intestine
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Liver
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| Mesodermal epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | Boundary between epithelium and connective tissue which surrounds and supports epithelium
Acts as a mechanical barrier (protects anything moving into connective tissue)
Comprises basal lamina and reticular lamina
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| Basal lamina | show 🗑
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| show | Produced by connective tissue and contains fibres and collagen bundles around which fibrils loop
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| show | Apical-basal polarity
Two domains - apical and basolateral
Domains are distinct - morphologically, biochemically and functionally
Specialised functions are associated with different domains
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| Apical domain | show 🗑
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| show | Junctional specialisation (connects cells)
Cell contact
Adhesion
Communication
Ion channels
Receptors
Basal infoldings
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| Epithelial junction on basolateral domain | show 🗑
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| Tight junctions | show 🗑
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| show | Link adjacent cytoskeletons
Adhering junctions - zonula adherens - connects cells in a band
Desmosomes - macula adherens
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| Gap junctions | show 🗑
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| Junctional complex | show 🗑
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| show | Particularly in the blood brain barrier
Linked to cytoplasmic MAGUK proteins (membrane associated with guanylyl kinase-like domain)
Zonula occludens (ZO-1,2,3)
Principle proteins - Claudins and occludins (establish a fence function- high affinity)
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| show | Bind to each other intercellularly
Adhesion molecules linked to actin filaments intracellularly
Filaments run into terminal web - actin filaments stabilized by spectrin
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| show | Attached to a cytoplasmic plaque
Adhesion molecules linked to intermediate filament cytoskeleton
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| Pemphigus | show 🗑
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| Desmoglein | show 🗑
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| Subtypes of pemphigus | show 🗑
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| Causes of pemphigus | show 🗑
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| show | Pemphigoid - antibodies to proteins of dermis epidermis junction
IgA-mediated dermatoses - aberrant deposits of IgA in BM
Epidermolysis bullosa acquista - antibodies against type 7 collagen which attached dermis to epidermis
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| Epidermolysis bullosa | show 🗑
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| show | Epidermolysis bullosa simplex - KRT5 and KRT14 genes
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa - COL7A1 gene
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa - hemidesmosomes affects Lamin and collagen
Kindler syndrome - blistering in young children
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| show | Wound care
Pain control
Controlling infections
Nutritional support
Prevention and treatment of complication
In future, regeneration using transgenic stem cells may be possible
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| show | Proteins of gap junctions
Each gap junction has 6 pairs of connexins (one in each cell)
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| show | Can be between cells - paracellular
Can be through a cell - transcellular
Some cells transport ions and fluid from apex to base (e.g. kidney) and some from base to apex (e.g. sweat gland)
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| show | Selective exchange of ions
Na+ enters cells by diffusion
Actively extruded by basal NA/K ATPase to maintain low intracellular concentration
Can drive transport of other molecules by co transport
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| Co-transporters in gut epithelium | show 🗑
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| Modifications to intestinal lumen | show 🗑
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| Glycocalyx | show 🗑
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| How do occluding junctions appear in freeze fracture | show 🗑
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| Renewal of epithelial cells | show 🗑
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| Dysplasia of epithelium - abnormal differentiation | show 🗑
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