Organisation of the Body
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| Main tissues in the body | show 🗑
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| Functions of epithelium | show 🗑
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| Forms of epithelia | show 🗑
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| show | Squamous - permeability - transport across
Cuboidal - lining - absorption/secretion
Columnar - protection, lubrication, absorption/secretion
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| Classification by stratification | show 🗑
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| show | Protection - covering and lining epithelia
Absorption - absorptive epithelia
Transport - of molecules
Secretion - glandular epithelia
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| Classification by specialisation | show 🗑
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| show | Lines blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, loop on Henle and alveoli
A single layer of flat cells, nuclei appear as bumps
For diffusion, secretion, some protection and secretion/absorption
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| show | Kidney tubules, glands and ducts, terminal bronchioles and choroid plexus
Single layer of cube cells with microvilli or cilia
Active transport and facilitated diffusion result in secretion/absorption and movement of mucus
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| show | Glands and ducts, bronchioles, uterus, stomach, intestines
Single layer of tall, narrow cells. Some have cilia or microvilli - goblet cells are present
Movement of particles out of bronchioles, secretion by cells of glands, stomach and intestine
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| show | Non-keratinised - mouth, larynx, oesophagus
Keratinised - skin
Multiple layers of cells cuboidal at the base but stratified at the top. Keratinised - cytoplasm replaced by keratin
For protection against abrasion and infection
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| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | show 🗑
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| show | Lining of nasal cavity, sinuses, auditory tubes, trachea and bronchi
Single layer of cell, with some reaching the free surface and others not. Ciliated and associated with goblet cells
Synthesise and secrete mucus onto free surface and move mucus
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| Transitional epithelium | show 🗑
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| Specialisations related to function | show 🗑
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| show | On columnar epithelium of gut
To increase surface area for absorption
Microfilament core - actin
Allows cell to change shape
Give a brush border appearance
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| Cilia | show 🗑
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| show | Axoneme core = 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
Motor protein to generate force - dynein
Microtubule gliding powered by ATP hydrolysis
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| show | Retain contact with surface through ducts
Secrete products on to external or internal epithelial surface
Can take a simple tubular/acinar shape, or be more complicated in compound tubuloacinar shapes
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| Endocrine glands | show 🗑
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| show | Unicellular glandular epithelial cell
Basal region sits on basal lamina
Apical portion - the theca - faces the lumen
Theca filled with membrane-bound secretory droplets
Secrete mucus to lubricate cell surface in respiratory tract
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| Structure of pseudostratified columnar cells | show 🗑
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| Embryological origin of epithelia | show 🗑
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| Ectodermal epithelia | show 🗑
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| Ectodermal epithelial | show 🗑
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| show | Simple
Kidney
Pleurae
Peritoneum
Pericardium
Mesothelium
Reproductive systems
Endothelial cells of blood vessels
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| Basement membrane | show 🗑
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| Basal lamina | show 🗑
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| show | Produced by connective tissue and contains fibres and collagen bundles around which fibrils loop
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| Polarity of epithelial cells | show 🗑
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| Apical domain | show 🗑
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| show | Junctional specialisation (connects cells)
Cell contact
Adhesion
Communication
Ion channels
Receptors
Basal infoldings
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| show | Tight junctions
Anchoring junctions
Gap junction
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| show | Occluding junctions - block intercellular transport
Zona occludens
Connects in a band around cells
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| Anchoring/adhesive junctions | show 🗑
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| show | Allow communication
Channels allow passage of small molecules and ions between cells
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| Junctional complex | show 🗑
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| Tight junction transmembrane proteins | show 🗑
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| Cadherins at anchoring junctions | show 🗑
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| Cadherins at desmosomes | show 🗑
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| Pemphigus | show 🗑
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| Desmoglein | show 🗑
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| Subtypes of pemphigus | show 🗑
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| Causes of pemphigus | show 🗑
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| Examples of autoimmune blistering diseases | show 🗑
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| show | A group of genetic conditions leading to easy blistering of skin and mucous membranes
Caused by mutations in keratin filaments -18 genes
Keratin attached to cell membrane at site of desmosome and hemidesmosome junction
Maintains integrity of epidermis
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| Types of epidermolysis bullosa | show 🗑
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| show | Wound care
Pain control
Controlling infections
Nutritional support
Prevention and treatment of complication
In future, regeneration using transgenic stem cells may be possible
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| Connexins in gap junctions | show 🗑
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| Epithelial cell transport | show 🗑
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| Transepithelial transport of ions | show 🗑
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| Co-transporters in gut epithelium | show 🗑
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| Modifications to intestinal lumen | show 🗑
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| Glycocalyx | show 🗑
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| show | Branching and interconnected sealing ridges
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| show | High turnover - renewed by mitosis
Epidermis - renewed at basal layer, migrate to surface with skin keratinised on route
Small intestine replaced every 4-6 days
Other epithelia - renewed until adulthood and only proliferate when damaged
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| Dysplasia of epithelium - abnormal differentiation | show 🗑
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