Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems
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| Definition of sensation. | Conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in external or internal environment.
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| Definition of perception. | Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and it is a function of the cerebral cortex (specific)
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| Types of sensory receptors (based on structure) and what are used to sense. | Free nerve ending (bare dendrites that pick up pain, temp, tickle, itch and lite touch). Encapsulated (capsule makes it more sensitive and specific. Deep touch, vibration, and pressure).
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| Locations of receptors. | Intero (internal), extero (external), and proprioceptor (joints)
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| Types of stimulus/correlating receptor. | Chemical/chemoreceptor, mechanial/mechanoreceptor, pressure/baroreceptor, pain/nociceptor, Temperature/thermoreceptor
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| Somatic sensory pathways/tracts in white matter of spinal column. What they transmit. | Lateral spinothalamic tract (pain and temp).Posterior spinocerebellar and anterior spinocerebellar/spinothalamic (help cerebellum with function). Posterior columns (fine touch, proprioception, viration,and steriognosis/I.D. object with eyes closed).
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| Somatic motor pathways from brain to effector (3). | Precentral gyrus of cortex to 1)brain stem to lower motor neuron or 2)basal ganglia to brain stem (cranial nerves) or 3)lower motor neurons.
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| What is the integrative function of the cerebrum? | Emotional response, sleep, wakefulness, learning, and memory.
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| Describe the 2 components of sleep. | 1)Non rapid eye movement (met usually in just under 1 hr. Where most sleep walking and short, tiny dream pieces occur.2) REM (3 to 5 episodes in a normal 8 hour sleep cycle = ~ 100 minutes. Less as you age. Time of long and vivid dreams.)
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| Bad dreams may be the result of what vitamin deficiency? | B-5
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| 4 kinds of somatic sensations | tactile(touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle), thermal (cold and warm), pain(fast and slow), and proprioception.
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| Types of tactile sensations (5). Fast or slow? Why? | Fast sensations move along myelinated A fibers and may include touch, pressure, and vibration. Slow sensations move along unmyelinated C fibers and may include itch and tickle.
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| Two fast adapting receptors of touch. | Meissner corpuscles (encapsulated)(fine touch of hairless skin-soles,palms) and Hair root plexuses (free dendrites)(wrapped around hair and detect hair mvmt such as something crawling on you).
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| Two slow adapting receptors of touch. | Merkel discs (fine touch with flattened free nerve endings in epidermis) and Ruffini corpuscles (encapsulated deep within dermis and in tendons and ligaments that monitor stretch)
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| Type of pressure receptor. | Pacinian corpuscle (encapsulated, fast adapting, widely distributed)
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| What is a capsule of a encapsulated receptor made of? | Mult-layered connective tissue.
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| How does one sense vibration? | Meissners (fine touch of hairless skin)(lower-frequency) and Pascinian (pressure)(higher-frequency)
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| How does one sense itch? | Free nerve endings are stimulated by chemicals, such as the vasodilator bradykinin.
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| How does one feel tickle? | It is a cerebellum response to someone touching you and comes from free nerve endings and pacinian corpuscle (pressure).
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| What does it take to get a thermal response? | Involving a diameter of ~1mm a nerve ending will pick up a temp. Anything <5 or >118F will stimulate pain receptors.
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| What type of receptors pick up pain? | Nociceptors- free nerve endings in every tissue except brain. Very little adaptation
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| Describe the 2 types of pain. | FAST(acute, sharp, Type A, usually superficial).SLOW(chronic, burning, aching, throbbing, Type C, usually deep).
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| Perception of body movement. | Kinesthia.
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| 2 types of proprioceptors. | Muscle spindles (slow adapting-in skeletal muscle that monitor length/stretch. Will cause contraction if too much, setting muscle tone. ) Tendon Organs (found at junction of muscle and tendon and activated by tension.)
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| What type of slow pain is related to slow organ pain? | Refered pain (organ or deep tissue refering to the surface of skin-kidneys=lowerback, gallbladder=R.shoulder, heart=L. arm)
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| Pain felt in visceral organs | Visceral pain (in pattern).
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