unit 4 vocab apw
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| caravel | small, highly maneuverable used by the Portuguese + Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic; used for long voyages at great speed from 15th - 17th centuries; used for exploration, not trade
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| carrack | large trading merchant ship operating in European waters (especially by the Portuguese) 14th- 17th century
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| fluyt | Dutch sailing vessel that allowed them to control the Baltic trade; designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with max space and crew efficiency; used from 16th to 17th centuries
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| Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation + directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa; sponsored seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east; imported enslaved Africans
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| Vasco Da Gama | Portuguese explorer.; 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route for Europeans
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| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
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| trading post empire | imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples; practiced by Europeans in the Indian Ocean as they took over trade from Arab and Muslim merchants
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| Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World (in 1492) in the name of Spain while searching for a direct sea route to access Indian Ocean trade
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| Columbian Exchange | exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus' voyages.
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| Mercantilism | economic system where nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold/silver + by exporting more goods than they imported; colonies were crucial in the accumulation of wealth; prevalent from 16th - 19th centuries.
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| The Great Dying | the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases (like smallpox and measles) in the Americas following European conquest; anywhere from 50-90% of indigenous peoples were killed by European diseases
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| chattel slavery | absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person; the form of slavery utilized in the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade
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| mita system | economic system in Inca society where Inca subjects paid "taxes" with their labor and what they produced for a set period of time each year; later exploited by the Spanish as they forced Incas to mine silver
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| indentured servitude | worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination; before 1800 (19th century) most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were South or East Asian
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| encomienda | grant of land made by Spain to a Spanish settler in the Americas, including the right to use local indigenous peoples as laborers on the farm
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| hacienda | Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations; represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership + a type of feudalistic order where owners would have agreements of loyalty but would retain control over the actual land
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| joint-stock company | exploration company made up of group of shareholders; each shareholder contributed money to company + received some share of the company's profits and debts; used by European rulers to finance exploration + compete against one another in global trade
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| royal chartered monopoly companies | groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to Indian Ocean colonies
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| vodun | New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Roman Catholic Christianity; evidence of the syncretism created when European and African beliefs merged in the Americas; (AKA voodoo)
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| Santeria | originated in Cuba, a religion that blends African traditions and Roman Catholic beliefs/practices; evidence of the syncretism created when European and African beliefs merged in the Americas
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| casta paintings | Spanish-commissioned paintings that showed the racial mixing of New World families; illustrated the importance of European ancestry in the social hierarchy of Latin America
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| mestizo | term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native American and European descent
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| mulatto | term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.
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| creoles | Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.
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| peninsulares | Spanish-born upper class individuals who immigrated to Latin America; highest social class and given special privileges and the highest political positions in Latin American governments
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| the Fronde | series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV (1648 - 1653) caused by growing royal control and increased taxation; inspired Louis XIV to take total political control in fear of a future uprising
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| British East India Company | British joint-stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism.; controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years
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| Dutch East India Company | Dutch-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies
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| Triangular Trade | three-way system of trade during 1600-1800s whereby Africa sent enslaved people to the Americas, the Americas sent raw materials (like sugar, tobacco) to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa in exchange for enslaved Africans
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| coercive labor | any labor system that involves force (slavery, chattel slavery, serfdom, Spanish run mita system, and indentured labor)
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| bullion | gold and silver in the form of bars
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