Module 5 Chapter 22 and other resources notes --> flashcards
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| Main function of respiratory system | show 🗑
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| show | 1. pulmonary ventilation 2. external repiration 3. transport of repiratory gases 4. internal repiration
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| What other system is associated with the respiratory system | show 🗑
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| show | smell and taste
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| Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway( s) in descending order until the alveoli are reached. | show 🗑
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| Describe the structure of the nose (divisions) | show 🗑
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| What are the 5 functions of the nose? | show 🗑
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| What are the surface features of the external nose? | show 🗑
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| show | superiorly - nasal and frontal bones laterally - maxillary bones inferiorly - flexible plates of hyaline cartilage
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| The internal nasal cavity lies ___ and ___ to the external nose. | show 🗑
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| show | ( the alar and septal cartilages, and the lateral processes of the septal cartilage)
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| the nasal and frontal bones superiorly forming the ___ and ___, respectively), of the nose | show 🗑
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| show | where the palate is supported by the palatine bones and processes of the maxillary bones,
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| Each day, mucus and serous glands secrete about ___ of mucus containing ___. | show 🗑
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| show | antibacterial enzyme
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| The epithelial cells of the of the respiratory mucosa secrete | show 🗑
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| what comprises the respiratory zone? | show 🗑
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| What are defensins | show 🗑
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| show | p807 humidify the inhaled air
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| What triggers the sneeze reflex? | show 🗑
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| show | superior middle inferior nasal conchae
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| show | RA!
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| show | inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production nasal congestion postnasal drip
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| what causes sinusitis | show 🗑
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| show | nasal cavity and mouth (superiorly) to the larynx and esophagus (inferiorly)
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| show | uvula
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| show | "little grape"
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| show | p809 posterior to the nasal cavity inferior to the sphenoid bone and superior to the level of the soft palate
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| What type of epithelium makes up the nasopharynx? | show 🗑
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| What traps and destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air? | show 🗑
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| show | p809 help protect the middle ear against infections likely to spread from the na-sopharynx.
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| The oropharynx lies ___ to the oral cavity and is continuous with it through an archway called the ___ | show 🗑
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| True or false: Both inhaled air and swallowed food pass through the oropharynx | show 🗑
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| What type of epithelium is in the oropharynx | show 🗑
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| show | the change from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous epithelium accomodates the increased friction and greater chemical trauma accompanying food passage
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| Where do the respiratory and digestive pathways diverge? | show 🗑
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| show | larynx
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| What are the 3 functions of the larynx? | show 🗑
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| show | larynx
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| True or false: All laryngeal cartilages are hyaline cartilages | show 🗑
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| The thyroid cartilage is formed by two ___ | show 🗑
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| What forms the lateral and posterior walls of the larynx? | show 🗑
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| ___ ___ containing mucosa cover the epiglottis | show 🗑
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| show | p811 elastic cartilage
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| True or false: The cough reflex works all the time | show 🗑
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| show | swallowing superiorly laryngeal
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| show | blood vessels
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| show | p811 vocal elastic fibers vocal cords
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| What is the function of the false vocal cords? | show 🗑
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| What is another name for the false vocal cords? | show 🗑
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| The superior portion of the larynx, an area subject to food contact, is lined by ___ ___ ___. | show 🗑
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| show | p811 below pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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| the cilia in the larynx directs mucus (toward, away from) the lungs | show 🗑
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| show | p811 intermittent release of expired air and the opening and closing of the glottis
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| The length of the vocal folds and the size of the glottis change with | show 🗑
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| show | the entire length of the pharynx acts as a resonating chamber to amplify and enhance sound quality also the oral, nasal, and sinus cavities contribute to vocal resonance
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| show | change in the voice tone, hoarseness, or in p812 severe cases inability to speak above a whisper
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| show | During abdominal straining associated with defecation, the glottis closes to prevent exhalation and the abdominal muscles p812 contract, causing the intra- abdominal pressure to rise
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| What is the effect of Valsalva's manuever | show 🗑
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| show | p812 windpipe larynx mediastinum
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| What are the layers of the tracheal wall? | show 🗑
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| Smoking inhibits and ultimately destroys ___ | show 🗑
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| How many "C" rings support the sub___. | show 🗑
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| What type of fibers connect the open posterior parts of the cartilage rings of the trachea? | show 🗑
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| The ___ marks the point where the trachea branches | show 🗑
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| show | p813 trachea
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| show | p813 the bronchial (or respiratory tree)
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| show | RA! = research answer!
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| show | p814 obliquely mediastinum hilum same
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| show | p814 right and left main ( primary) bronchi
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| show | lobar (secondary)
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| How many lobar bronchi are on the right | show 🗑
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| How many lobar bronchi are on the left | show 🗑
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| passages smaller than ___ ___ in size are called ___ | show 🗑
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| How small are terminal bronchioles | show 🗑
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| As conducting tubes become smaller, what types of changes occur | show 🗑
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| show | p815 thin walled air sacs within the lungs
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| show | p815 the terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles within the lung
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| show | p815 the alveoli are the individual thin walled air sacs the alveolar sacs are the bunches of alveoli
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| show | p815 0.5- µm- thick air- blood barrier that has gas on one side and blood flowing past on the other
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| show | p815 anterior lateral posterior close contact costal
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| show | p815 vascular and bronchial attachments
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| show | p815 pulmonary and systemic blood ves-sels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave the lungs h-i-l-u-m (hilum)
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| Where is the hilum located? What is it? | show 🗑
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| show | p815 superior inferior oblique
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| pq9 Why do the two lungs differ in size and shape? | show 🗑
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| Each lobe contains a number of ___-shaped | show 🗑
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| lobules of the lung are shaped like | show 🗑
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| In most city dwellers and in smokers, the connective tissue that separates the individual lobules is black-ened with . | show 🗑
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| the lungs consist of air ___ and ___ | show 🗑
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| show | p818 pulmonary arteries
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| pulmonary arteries feed into the | show 🗑
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| True or false: All of the body's blood passes through the lungs about 10 times per hour | show 🗑
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| show | p816 activates an important blood pressure hormone,
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| show | p816 because all of the blood passes through the lungs about 1 time each minute
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| What is the function of plueral fluid | show 🗑
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| PQ1 Which of the following is not involved in respiration? External respiration Pulmonary ventilation Internal respiration External ventilation | show 🗑
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| PQ2 The respiratory zone is composed of the trachea and the paranasal sinuses (True/False) | show 🗑
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| pq3 Which of the following are the hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles, such as pollen and dust, from inspired air? Cilia Vibrissae Alveoli Microvilli | show 🗑
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| pq4 ____________ is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip. | show 🗑
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| show | p819 infections
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| pq5 list the regions of the pharynx, from superior toinferior? | show 🗑
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| show | pqa6 epiglottis
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| pq7 The bronchial, or respiratory, tree branches approximately 23 times within the lungs. (True/False) | show 🗑
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| pq8 The _______ are the site of gas exchange within the lungs. | show 🗑
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| show | pqa10 stroma
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| show | pqa11 Atelectasis
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| pq12 What occurs during infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)? (name the item specific to this flashcard) | show 🗑
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| show | pqa13 false
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| pq14 Henry's law states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. (True / False) | show 🗑
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| pq15 Question 15 0 / 5 points Which form of hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered? (This type of hypoxia is usually the consequence of metabolic poisons, such as cyanide.) | show 🗑
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| pq16 Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the greatest amount of CO2 transported in blood? | show 🗑
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| show | pqa17 hyperpnea
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| pq18 Emphysema is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli. (ture / false) | show 🗑
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| pq19 Lung cancer is among the easiest forms of cancer to successfully treat and cure. True False | show 🗑
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| pq20.1 Functional residual capacity | show 🗑
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| pq20.2 Inspiratory reserve | show 🗑
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| pq20.3 Tidal volume | show 🗑
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| pq20.4 Total lung capacity | show 🗑
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| pq20.5 Vital capacity | show 🗑
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| The lungs consist largely of ___ ___. The balance is called the ___. | show 🗑
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| show | p818 pulmonary veins
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| show | p818 alveoli
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| Parasympathetic fibers ___ the air tubes, whereas the sympathetic nervous system ___ them. | show 🗑
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| show | p818 parietal visceral
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| Parasympathetic fibers constrict the air tubes, whereas the sympathetic nervous system dilates them. | show 🗑
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| show | p819 inflamed pluerae become rough stabbing pain with each breath excessive fluid (pluerae, blood, blood filtrate)
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| show | p819 atmospheric pressures
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| show | p819 intrapulmonary pressure
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| always about 4 mmHg less than intrapulmonary pressure | show 🗑
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| show | p819 smallest
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| the surface tension of the alveolar fluid constantly acts to ____ | show 🗑
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| show | p819 the natural elasticity of the chest wall which tends to pull the thorax outward and enlarge the chest wall
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| why is it necessary that the plueral fluid be pumped out of the plueral cavity by the lymphatic system | show 🗑
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| What pressure keeps the lungs from collapsing? | show 🗑
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| show | p819 tranpulomonary pressure
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| show | p819 atelectasis
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| ___ changes lead to pressure ___. And this leads to the ___ of ___ to equalize the ___ | show 🗑
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| show | P1V1 = P2V2
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| show | p819 inversely
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| show | p819 1)diaphragm 2)external intercostal muscles
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| show | p819 increases
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| show | p819 rib cage superiorly
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| show | p819 500mL
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| show | p820 Inspiratory muscles contract ( diaphragm descends; rib cage rises).
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| Inspiration Step 2 | show 🗑
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| Inspiration Step 3 | show 🗑
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| show | p820 Intrapulmonary pressure drops ( to – 1 mm Hg).
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| Inspiration Step 5 | show 🗑
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| show | p822 True
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| show | p822 active abdominal wall oblique transversus
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| the relationship between friction, pressure, and resistance | show 🗑
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| show | p823 conducting tubes
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| show | p823 bronchi
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| histamine causes broncho___ (constriction / dilation) | show 🗑
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| epinephrine is released during ___ nervous system activation | show 🗑
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| show | p823 dilates
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| a detergent- like complex of lipids and proteins produced by the type II alveolar cells. | show 🗑
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| show | p823 Local accumulations of mucus, infectious material, or solid tumors in the passage-ways are important sources of airway resistance in those with respiratory disease.
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| name two treatments for IRDS | show 🗑
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| lung compliance refers to | show 🗑
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| show | p824 C(sub-L) = (delta V(sub-L)) / (delta (P(sub-pul) - P(sub-ip))
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| show | p824 ( 1) distensibility of the lung tissue and ( 2) alveolar surface ten-sion.
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| fibrosis | show 🗑
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| four respiratory volumes of interest (in textbook) | show 🗑
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| show | p824 1200 mL
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| show | p824 inspiratory capacity functional residual capacity vital capacity total lung capacity
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| show | p824 vital capacity sum of TV, IRV, ERV
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| show | p824 The rule of thumb is that the anatomical dead space volume in a healthy young adult is equal to 1 ml per pound of ideal body weight
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| Spirometry is most useful for | show 🗑
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| show | p826 True
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| increasing the volume of each inspiration ( breathing depth) enhances AVR and gas exchange more than raising the | show 🗑
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| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressurs | show 🗑
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| show | p827...when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in teh liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
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| What determines how much of a gas will dissolve in a liquid at any give partial pressure? | show 🗑
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| Write the solubility of the following gases in order from least to greatest solubility in water: N2, CO2, O2. | show 🗑
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| show | pq21...Movement of air into and out of the lungs so that gases are continuously changed and refreshed
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| Transport of respiratory gases | show 🗑
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| show | pq21...Movement of oxygen from the blood to tissue cells and of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood
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| show | Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs
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| show | The actual site of gas exchange
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| show | The fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites
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| show | Commonly called the throat; air leaves the nose and enters here en route to the lungs
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| show | Secretes mucus and antibacterial enzymes; traps dust, bacteria, and warms air during inspiration
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| show | Contains vocal cords that produce speech; called the voice box
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| show | Descends from the larynx as a single tube reinforced with cartilage rings before it divides to go to each lung
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| show | Major branches of the cartilage-reinforced tube that go to each lung
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| show | Terminal branches of the lungs where respiratory gas exchange occurs
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| show | One, two, or three oxygen molecules are bound to heme groups
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| Saturated hemoglobin | show 🗑
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| show | Gas exchange in the lungs
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| show | Gas exchange in the tissues
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| Chronic bronchitis | show 🗑
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| Emphysema | show 🗑
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| show | Characterized by episodes of coughing, dyspnea,wheezing, and chest tightness; airways become hypersensitive to irritants due to inflammation
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| Lung cancer | show 🗑
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| show | Trachea
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| show | Primary bronchi
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| show | Secondary bronchi
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| show | Tertiary bronchi
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| show | Bronchioles
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| show | the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts
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| Alveolar ventilation rate is: | show 🗑
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| show | pH is more acidic
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| In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is ____________________ | show 🗑
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| Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is: | show 🗑
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| show | epiglottis
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| show | pulmonary ventilation
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| This tissue lines the trachea | show 🗑
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| Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest? | show 🗑
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| show | Bronchiole
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| show | lowered CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels.
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| show | nitrogen
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| show | Hyperpnea
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| show | carbaminohemoglobin
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| Which of the following controls the respiratory rate? | show 🗑
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| show | Gas exchange
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| True or False: Loudness of voice depends on the size of the vocal cords. | show 🗑
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| show | The larynx enlarges in males during puberty..The glottis is wide when deep tones are produced..The more tense the vocal cords, the higher the pitch.
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| True or False: the trachealis muscle prevents the trachea from collapsing and keeps it patent, despite the pressure changes that take place during breathing | show 🗑
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| Some functions of the trachealis muscle: | show 🗑
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| An example of an enzyme located in the lung capillary membrane that acts on material in the blood is: | show 🗑
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| show | none of these
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| show | transpulmonary
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| show | smoking
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| show | the airways branch more as they get smaller, resulting in a huge total cross-sectionalarea
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| show | intrapulmonary..intrapleural
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| True or False: An increase in lung compliance would NOT decrease the total respiratory compliance? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| Would any of the following non-respiratory movements ventilate all of the alveoli? sneezing, hiccups, crying | show 🗑
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| show | production of huge amounts of free radicals...oxygen toxicity..(increased mental function)..coma.
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| show | hiccups
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| The dorsal respiratory group: | show 🗑
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| show | smoothing out the transition from inspiration to expiration...regulating and modifying the activity of the medullary neurons..causing apneustic breathing if it is damaged.
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| show | stimulating the contraction of the diaphragm
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| show | Weight
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| Name 3 things found in a blue bloater | show 🗑
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| True or False..External respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and the alveoli | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | False
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| show | False
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| show | True
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| True or False..During fetal life the lungs are filled with fluid and all respiratory exchanges are made by the placenta | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| show | True
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| show | False
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| True or False..An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood will cause a slight increase in H+ concentration (drop in pH) | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| True or False..The intestines is an accessory organ of the digestive system | show 🗑
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| Name three accessory organs of the digestive system | show 🗑
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| The major site for nutrient absorption is the ____. | show 🗑
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| True or False..The primary goal of digestive tract regulatory mechanisms is to optimize nutrient breakdown and absorption. | show 🗑
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| show | visceral peritoneum
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| show | hepatic portal
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| show | Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal
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| show | Main site of nutrient absorption
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| show | Moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
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| Muscularis externa | show 🗑
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| Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins. | show 🗑
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| show | 32
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| show | True
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| show | False
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| show | serves as a temporary holding area for ingested food..chemically digests carbohydrates..mechanically digests food
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| The phases of gastric secretion from first to last are: | show 🗑
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| show | the alkaline tide
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| The_________ is the first segment of the small intestine | show 🗑
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| show | microvilli
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| show | gallbladder
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| the liver has 3 lobes | show 🗑
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| Give 3 characteristics of the liver | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| Give 3 chemicals..found in pancreatic secretions... | show 🗑
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| Most digestion occurs in the small intestine. | show 🗑
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| Most water is absorbed in the ________. | show 🗑
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| Are the following produced by bacteria flora in the large intestine: vitamin K..CO2..B vitamins: | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| Diarrhea results when food passes too quickly through the large intestine. | show 🗑
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| Lipids | show 🗑
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| show | Amino acids
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| Carbohydrates | show 🗑
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| show | Nucleotides
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| Pepsin enzymatically digests _____. | show 🗑
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| Someone on a fat-free diet would not efficiently absorb vitamin D from their diet. | show 🗑
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| Chief cell | show 🗑
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| show | makes hormones
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| paneth | show 🗑
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| parietal | show 🗑
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| kupffer | show 🗑
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| Ingestion | show 🗑
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| Mechanical Digestion | show 🗑
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| show | Enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules
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| Absorption | show 🗑
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| show | Elimination of indigestible solids
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| In direct contact with ingested food | show 🗑
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| show | Submucosa
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| show | Muscularis
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| show | Serosa
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| Parotid gland (oral cavity) | show 🗑
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| show | Salivary gland below the tongue
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|
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| show | Smaller salivary gland located under the jaw
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|
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| Secures the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity (oral cavity) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Folds of mucosal layer
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|
||||
| Pyloric sphincter (of the stomach) | show 🗑
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| show | Lies at superior end and regulates movement of food from the esophagus
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|
||||
| Body (of the stomach) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Cephalic phase..Gastric phase..Intestinal phase
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|
||||
| Cephalic phase | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Stimulated by distension of the stomach and low acidity
🗑
|
||||
| Intestinal phase | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormones involved in gastric secretion | show 🗑
|
||||
| Secretin | show 🗑
|
||||
| CCK | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Stimulated by partially digested proteins in the stomach and..increases gastric gland secretions..
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|
||||
| show | Inhibits gastric gland secretions; released in response to..presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine..
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|
||||
| Carbohydrates..organic molecules.. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lipids..organic molecules.. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Built of long chains of amino acids
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|
||||
| show | Made up of ribose or deoxyribose sugars and..nitrogenous bases..
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|
||||
| show | 1. Begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
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|
||||
| Sucrase, lactase, and maltase..substances involved in organic molecule digestion.. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bile..substances involved in organic molecule digestion.. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sucrase, lactase, and maltase..substances involved in organic molecule digestion.. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. Exposed and covered in enamel
🗑
|
||||
| show | 2. Embedded in the jawbone
🗑
|
||||
| show | 3. Calcified connective tissue around bottom of tooth
🗑
|
||||
| show | 4. Forms the support of the gomphosis
🗑
|
||||
| In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the | show 🗑
|
||||
| During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the: | show 🗑
|
||||
| During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the Peyer's patches.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Proteins
🗑
|
||||
| show | peristalsis.
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine? | show 🗑
|
||||
| the large intestine..It provides absorptive function... | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | False
🗑
|
||||
| show | False
🗑
|
||||
| the large intestine..Is longer than the small intestine.. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Gastrin
🗑
|
||||
| Which sequence below represents the correct layering of the wall of the GI tract, starting from..the layer next to the lumen?.. | show 🗑
|
||||
| The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed from the union of the: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Decreased surface area for absorption would cause weight loss to occur.
🗑
|
||||
| show | HCl and intrinsic factor
🗑
|
||||
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Parietal cells
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen?..Mucous cells..Parietal cells..Chief cells..G cells..Enteroendocrine cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | muscle tone
🗑
|
||||
| ________________ is the major means of propulsion in the digestive system. | show 🗑
|
||||
| The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by: | show 🗑
|
||||
| the mesentery..The "omenta" is special name for part of the mesentery... | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | True
🗑
|
||||
| the mesentery..It holds the organs of the abdomen in place.. | show 🗑
|
||||
| the mesentery..It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucus membrane.. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following is the most common cause of peritonitis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mumps.
🗑
|
||||
| show | increased activity of anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Wisdom teeth
🗑
|
||||
| show | Periodontitis
🗑
|
||||
| The only stomach function that is essential to life is: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cephalic
🗑
|
||||
| show | False
🗑
|
||||
| show | Secretin..vasoactive intestinal peptide..Cholecystokinin
🗑
|
||||
| show | plasticity.
🗑
|
||||
| Many of the early food allergies seen in infants are caused by: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | irritable bowel.
🗑
|
||||
| Amino-acid absorption is coupled to the active transport of sodium. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bile digests fats and related lipids. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Defecation is mediated by a sympathetic spinal cord reflex. | show 🗑
|
||||
| In addition to gastrin, the stomach produces serotonin and histamine to regulate smooth muscle..contraction and parietal cells' release of HCl, respectively... | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | False
🗑
|
||||
| Protein digestion begins in the oral cavity under the action of salivary peptidase | show 🗑
|
||||
| The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | True
🗑
|
||||
| show | True
🗑
|
||||
| Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the body. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | False
🗑
|
||||
| Give the order of the large intestines: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | False
🗑
|
||||
| show | False
🗑
|
||||
| show | False
🗑
|
||||
| An adult has 20 teeth. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Where are digestion fats absorbed? | show 🗑
|
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