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A&PII.M5.Respiratory
Module 5 Chapter 22 and other resources notes --> flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Main function of respiratory system | supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. |
| Four processes collectively called "respiration" | 1. pulmonary ventilation 2. external repiration 3. transport of repiratory gases 4. internal repiration |
| What other system is associated with the respiratory system | The respiratory system is associated with the circulatory system closely. |
| The respir. system is associated with the senses of ___ and ___. | smell and taste |
| Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway( s) in descending order until the alveoli are reached. | The respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses; the pharynx; the larynx; the trachea; the bronchi and their smaller branches; and the lungs, which contain the terminal air sacs, or alveoli |
| Describe the structure of the nose (divisions) | external nose internal nasal cavity |
| What are the 5 functions of the nose? | 1. provides an airway for respiration 2. moistens and warms entering air 3. filters and cleans inpired air 4. serves as a resonating chamber for speech 5. houses olfactory smell receptors |
| What are the surface features of the external nose? | root bridge dorsum nasi apex philtrum nostrils (nares) alae |
| What is the skeletal framework that fashions the nose? | superiorly - nasal and frontal bones laterally - maxillary bones inferiorly - flexible plates of hyaline cartilage |
| The internal nasal cavity lies ___ and ___ to the external nose. | in posterior |
| What are the flexible plates of hyaline cartilage that fashion the nose inferiorly? | ( the alar and septal cartilages, and the lateral processes of the septal cartilage) |
| the nasal and frontal bones superiorly forming the ___ and ___, respectively), of the nose | bride root |
| What is the "hard plate" | where the palate is supported by the palatine bones and processes of the maxillary bones, |
| Each day, mucus and serous glands secrete about ___ of mucus containing ___. | 1 quart (or 1 liter) lysozyme |
| What is lysozyme? | antibacterial enzyme |
| The epithelial cells of the of the respiratory mucosa secrete | mucus defensins |
| what comprises the respiratory zone? | composed of the respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli all microscopic structures |
| What are defensins | p807 natural antibiotics that help get rid of invading microbes |
| The high water content of the mucus helps to ___. | p807 humidify the inhaled air |
| What triggers the sneeze reflex? | irritants coming in contact with the richly supplied sensory nerve endings of the nasal mucosa |
| Protruding medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity are three scroll- like mucosa- covered projections, called the ___, ___, and ___ | superior middle inferior nasal conchae |
| How do the nasal conchae function to heat incoming air? cool exhaled air? | RA! |
| Define rhinitis | inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production nasal congestion postnasal drip |
| what causes sinusitis | nasal infections of the nasal mucosa because the nasal mucosa extends tenticle-like into the nasolicrimal (tear) ducts and paranasal sinuses |
| The pharynx connects the ___ and the ___ | nasal cavity and mouth (superiorly) to the larynx and esophagus (inferiorly) |
| during swallowing, what closes of the entrance to the nasopharynx | uvula |
| uvula means | "little grape" |
| Where is the nasopharyx located? | p809 posterior to the nasal cavity inferior to the sphenoid bone and superior to the level of the soft palate |
| What type of epithelium makes up the nasopharynx? | p809 pseu-dostratified ciliated epithelium |
| What traps and destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air? | p809 pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) |
| What is the function of the tubal tonsils | p809 help protect the middle ear against infections likely to spread from the na-sopharynx. |
| The oropharynx lies ___ to the oral cavity and is continuous with it through an archway called the ___ | p809 posterior isthmus of the fauces |
| True or false: Both inhaled air and swallowed food pass through the oropharynx | p809 True |
| What type of epithelium is in the oropharynx | stratified squamous epithelium |
| What does the structural change from the nasopharynx epithelium to the oropharynx epithelium do? | the change from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous epithelium accomodates the increased friction and greater chemical trauma accompanying food passage |
| Where do the respiratory and digestive pathways diverge? | at the larynx |
| What is known as the "voice box" | larynx |
| What are the 3 functions of the larynx? | 1. provide an open airway 2. act as a switching mechanism to route air and food to the proper channels 3. voice production |
| What houses the vocal cords? | larynx |
| True or false: All laryngeal cartilages are hyaline cartilages | p810 false - the epiglottis is not hyaline cartilage |
| The thyroid cartilage is formed by two ___ | cartilage plates |
| What forms the lateral and posterior walls of the larynx? | 3 pairs of small cartilages: 1. arytenoid 2. cuneiform 3. corniculate cartilages |
| ___ ___ containing mucosa cover the epiglottis | p811 taste bud |
| What type of cartilage comprises the epiglottis | p811 elastic cartilage |
| True or false: The cough reflex works all the time | p811 False - The cough reflex does not work when a person is unconscious |
| During ___, the larynx is pulled ___ and the epiglottis tips to cover the ___ inlet. | swallowing superiorly laryngeal |
| Vocal cords lack ___ ___, causing them to appear pearly white. | blood vessels |
| ___ ligaments, composed largely of ___ ___ form the core of mucosal folds called the ___ ___ | p811 vocal elastic fibers vocal cords |
| What is the function of the false vocal cords? | p811 help close the glottis when we swallow |
| What is another name for the false vocal cords? | p811 vestibular folds |
| The superior portion of the larynx, an area subject to food contact, is lined by ___ ___ ___. | p811 stratified squamous epithelium |
| A dust filter (above, below) the vocal folds is composed of ___ ___ ___ epithelium. | p811 below pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
| the cilia in the larynx directs mucus (toward, away from) the lungs | p811 away from |
| Speech involves the ... | p811 intermittent release of expired air and the opening and closing of the glottis |
| The length of the vocal folds and the size of the glottis change with | the action of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles that clothe the cartilages |
| What contributes to vocal resonance? | the entire length of the pharynx acts as a resonating chamber to amplify and enhance sound quality also the oral, nasal, and sinus cavities contribute to vocal resonance |
| What happens when the vocal cords are inflamed? | change in the voice tone, hoarseness, or in p812 severe cases inability to speak above a whisper |
| Define Valsalva's manuever | During abdominal straining associated with defecation, the glottis closes to prevent exhalation and the abdominal muscles p812 contract, causing the intra- abdominal pressure to rise |
| What is the effect of Valsalva's manuever | help empty the rectum and can also splint ( p812 stabilize) the body trunk when one lifts a heavy load |
| The trachea or ___, descends from the ___ through the neck and into the ___. | p812 windpipe larynx mediastinum |
| What are the layers of the tracheal wall? | p812 mucosa submucosa adventitia |
| Smoking inhibits and ultimately destroys ___ | p813 cilia |
| How many "C" rings support the sub___. | p813 16 to 20 submucosa |
| What type of fibers connect the open posterior parts of the cartilage rings of the trachea? | connected by smooth mus-cle fibers of the trachealis muscle |
| The ___ marks the point where the trachea branches | p813 carina |
| The Heimleich manuever is used to clear obstructions of the | p813 trachea |
| What is the branching pattern of the airways called | p813 the bronchial (or respiratory tree) |
| What is the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone | RA! = research answer! |
| Each bronchus runs ___ in the ___ before plunging into the medial depression (___) of the lung on (same/opposite) side | p814 obliquely mediastinum hilum same |
| The trachea divides to form the ___ and the ___ | p814 right and left main ( primary) bronchi |
| Once inside the lungs, each bronchi subdivides to form the ___ bronchi | lobar (secondary) |
| How many lobar bronchi are on the right | p814 three (3) |
| How many lobar bronchi are on the left | p814 two (2) |
| passages smaller than ___ ___ in size are called ___ | p814 1 mm bronchioles |
| How small are terminal bronchioles | p814 <0.5mm in diameter |
| As conducting tubes become smaller, what types of changes occur | p814, 815 1. support structures change 2. epithelium type changes 3. amount of smooth muscle increases |
| Define alveoli | p815 thin walled air sacs within the lungs |
| the respiratory zone begins as... | p815 the terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles within the lung |
| What is the difference between alveoli and alveolar sacs? | p815 the alveoli are the individual thin walled air sacs the alveolar sacs are the bunches of alveoli |
| What is the respiratory membrane | p815 0.5- µm- thick air- blood barrier that has gas on one side and blood flowing past on the other |
| The ___, ___, and ___ lung surfaces lie in close contact___ ___ with the ribs and form the continuously curving ___ surface. | p815 anterior lateral posterior close contact costal |
| What connects the lung to the mediastinum? | p815 vascular and bronchial attachments |
| What enters and leaves the lungs through the h_ _ _ _ | p815 pulmonary and systemic blood ves-sels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave the lungs h-i-l-u-m (hilum) |
| Where is the hilum located? What is it? | p815 on the mediastinal surface of each lung it is an indentation |
| left lung is subdivided into ___ and ___ lobes by the ___ fissure, | p815 superior inferior oblique |
| pq9 Why do the two lungs differ in size and shape? | pqa9 p815 because the apex of the heart is slightly to the left of the median plane. The left lung is smaller than the right, and the cardiac notch— a concavity in its medial aspect— is molded to and accommo-dates the heart |
| Each lobe contains a number of ___-shaped | p815 pyramid bronchopulmonary segments |
| lobules of the lung are shaped like | p816 hexagons |
| In most city dwellers and in smokers, the connective tissue that separates the individual lobules is black-ened with . | p816 carbon |
| the lungs consist of air ___ and ___ | p818 spaces stroma |
| Sys-temic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is de-livered by the ___ | p818 pulmonary arteries |
| pulmonary arteries feed into the | p818 pulmonary capillary networks |
| True or false: All of the body's blood passes through the lungs about 10 times per hour | p816 false - all the body's blood passes through the lungs about 1 time each minute (60 times per hour) |
| angiotensin converting enzyme | p816 activates an important blood pressure hormone, |
| Why are the lungs a good location for enzymes to act on the blood | p816 because all of the blood passes through the lungs about 1 time each minute |
| What is the function of plueral fluid | p816 This lubricating secretion allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breath-ing movements |
| PQ1 Which of the following is not involved in respiration? External respiration Pulmonary ventilation Internal respiration External ventilation | PQA1 External ventilation |
| PQ2 The respiratory zone is composed of the trachea and the paranasal sinuses (True/False) | pqa2 false |
| pq3 Which of the following are the hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles, such as pollen and dust, from inspired air? Cilia Vibrissae Alveoli Microvilli | pqa3 Vibrissae |
| pq4 ____________ is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip. | pqa4 Rhinitis |
| Compartmentalization by the pluera help limit the spread of ___. | p819 infections |
| pq5 list the regions of the pharynx, from superior toinferior? | pqa5 Nasopharynx; Oropharynx; Laryngopharynx |
| pq6 The _________________ is covered by a mucosa containing taste buds, and keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages. | pqa6 epiglottis |
| pq7 The bronchial, or respiratory, tree branches approximately 23 times within the lungs. (True/False) | pqa7 True |
| pq8 The _______ are the site of gas exchange within the lungs. | pqa8 alveoli |
| pq10 The ___________ is the elastic connective tissue found within the lungs. | pqa10 stroma |
| pq11 ________, or lung collapse, is a homeostatic imbalance that occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged. | pqa11 Atelectasis |
| pq12 What occurs during infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)? (name the item specific to this flashcard) | pqa12 The baby is unable to keep his or her alveoli inflated between breaths. |
| pq13 Henry's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. (T/F) | pqa13 false |
| pq14 Henry's law states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. (True / False) | pqa14 True |
| pq15 Question 15 0 / 5 points Which form of hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered? (This type of hypoxia is usually the consequence of metabolic poisons, such as cyanide.) | pqa15 Histotoxic hypoxia |
| pq16 Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the greatest amount of CO2 transported in blood? | pqa16 As bicarbonate ions in plasma |
| pq17 The increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs is called ___________. | pqa17 hyperpnea |
| pq18 Emphysema is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli. (ture / false) | pqa18 true |
| pq19 Lung cancer is among the easiest forms of cancer to successfully treat and cure. True False | pqa19 False |
| pq20.1 Functional residual capacity | pqa20.1 Volume of air in lungs after normal tidal expiration |
| pq20.2 Inspiratory reserve | pqa20.2 Volume that can be forced in after a tidal inhalation |
| pq20.3 Tidal volume | pqa20.3 About 500 ml |
| pq20.4 Total lung capacity | pqa20.4 About 6000 ml in an average male |
| pq20.5 Vital capacity | pqa20.5 Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation |
| The lungs consist largely of ___ ___. The balance is called the ___. | air spaces stroma |
| Freshly oxygenated blood is conveyed from the respiratory zones of the lungs to the heart by the ___ ___. | p818 pulmonary veins |
| receive blood from the low- pressure, high- volume pulmonary circulation. | p818 alveoli |
| Parasympathetic fibers ___ the air tubes, whereas the sympathetic nervous system ___ them. | p818 constrict dilates |
| What are the two layers of the pluerae? | p818 parietal visceral |
| Parasympathetic fibers constrict the air tubes, whereas the sympathetic nervous system dilates them. | p819 the 3 chambers of the thoracic cavity |
| symptoms of pluerisy | p819 inflamed pluerae become rough stabbing pain with each breath excessive fluid (pluerae, blood, blood filtrate) |
| respiratory pressures are always described relative to ___ | p819 atmospheric pressures |
| the pressure in the alveoli | p819 intrapulmonary pressure |
| always about 4 mmHg less than intrapulmonary pressure | p819 intraplueral pressure |
| lungs always assume the ___ size possible | p819 smallest |
| the surface tension of the alveolar fluid constantly acts to ____ | p819 draw the alveoli to their smallest possible dimension |
| what force tends to oppose the lung collapsing forces? | p819 the natural elasticity of the chest wall which tends to pull the thorax outward and enlarge the chest wall |
| why is it necessary that the plueral fluid be pumped out of the plueral cavity by the lymphatic system | p819 fluids move from high to low pressure because the intraplueral pressure tends to be negative the fluid would accumulate |
| What pressure keeps the lungs from collapsing? | p819 transpulmonary pressure |
| the greater the ___ pressure, the greater the size of the lungs | p819 tranpulomonary pressure |
| the term for lung collapse | p819 atelectasis |
| ___ changes lead to pressure ___. And this leads to the ___ of ___ to equalize the ___ | p819 volume changes flow of gases pressure |
| Boyle's Law | P1V1 = P2V2 |
| In Boyle's Law, pressure varies ___ with volume. | p819 inversely |
| the inspiratory muscles | p819 1)diaphragm 2)external intercostal muscles |
| the height of the thoracic cavity ___ as the diaphragm contracts | p819 increases |
| Contraction of the external intercostal muscles lifts the ___ ___ and pulls the sternum ___ | p819 rib cage superiorly |
| The usual volume that enters the lungs when inhaling | p819 500mL |
| Inspiration Step 1 | p820 Inspiratory muscles contract ( diaphragm descends; rib cage rises). |
| Inspiration Step 2 | p820 Thoracic cavity volume increases. |
| Inspiration Step 3 | p820 Lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases. |
| Inspiration Step 4 | p820 Intrapulmonary pressure drops ( to – 1 mm Hg). |
| Inspiration Step 5 | p820 Air ( gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 ( equal to atmospheric pressure) |
| True or False: Quiet expiration in healthy individuals is mostly a passive process | p822 True |
| Forced expiration is an ___ process produced by contraction of ___ ___ muscles, primarily the ___ and ___ muscles. | p822 active abdominal wall oblique transversus |
| the relationship between friction, pressure, and resistance | p822 F = (delta P) / R |
| As in the cardiovascular system, resistance in the res-piratory tree is determined mostly by the diameters of the ___ ___ | p823 conducting tubes |
| the greatest resistance to airflow occurs in the | p823 bronchi |
| histamine causes broncho___ (constriction / dilation) | p823 constriction |
| epinephrine is released during ___ nervous system activation | p823 sympathetic |
| epinephrine ___ bronchioles | p823 dilates |
| a detergent- like complex of lipids and proteins produced by the type II alveolar cells. | p823 surfectant |
| sources of resistance in the airways | p823 Local accumulations of mucus, infectious material, or solid tumors in the passage-ways are important sources of airway resistance in those with respiratory disease. |
| name two treatments for IRDS | p823 1)spraying natural or synthetic surfactant into airways 2)devices that maintain a positive airway pressure |
| lung compliance refers to | p824 the ability of the lungs to stretch |
| Formula for Lung Compliance | p824 C(sub-L) = (delta V(sub-L)) / (delta (P(sub-pul) - P(sub-ip)) |
| two factors that largely determine lung compliance | p824 ( 1) distensibility of the lung tissue and ( 2) alveolar surface ten-sion. |
| fibrosis | p824 nonelastic scar tissue to replace normal lung tissue |
| four respiratory volumes of interest (in textbook) | p824 tidal inpiratory reserve expiratory reserve residual |
| how many mL is the residual volume usually | p824 1200 mL |
| respiratory capacities (of mention in textbook) | p824 inspiratory capacity functional residual capacity vital capacity total lung capacity |
| VC or ___ ___ is the sum of | p824 vital capacity sum of TV, IRV, ERV |
| Dead space to body weight rule of thumb | p824 The rule of thumb is that the anatomical dead space volume in a healthy young adult is equal to 1 ml per pound of ideal body weight |
| Spirometry is most useful for | p825 evaluating losses in respiratory function and for following the course of certain respiratory dis-eases |
| True or False: Alveolar ventilation rate is a more effective measure of effective ventilation than minute ventilation | p826 True |
| increasing the volume of each inspiration ( breathing depth) enhances AVR and gas exchange more than raising the | p826 respiratory rate |
| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressurs | states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted intependently by each gas in teh mixtue |
| Henry's Law | p827...when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in teh liquid in proportion to its partial pressure |
| What determines how much of a gas will dissolve in a liquid at any give partial pressure? | p827...(1) the solubility of the gas in the liquid...(2) the temperature of the liquid |
| Write the solubility of the following gases in order from least to greatest solubility in water: N2, CO2, O2. | p827...CO2, O2 (1/20 solubility of CO2), N2 (1/2 solubility of O2) |
| Pulmonary ventilation | pq21...Movement of air into and out of the lungs so that gases are continuously changed and refreshed |
| Transport of respiratory gases | pq21...Transport of oxygen from lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide from tissue cells to lungs |
| Internal respiration | pq21...Movement of oxygen from the blood to tissue cells and of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood |
| External respiration | Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs |
| Respiratory zone | The actual site of gas exchange |
| Conducting zone | The fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites |
| pharynx | Commonly called the throat; air leaves the nose and enters here en route to the lungs |
| Nasal cavity | Secretes mucus and antibacterial enzymes; traps dust, bacteria, and warms air during inspiration |
| Larynx | Contains vocal cords that produce speech; called the voice box |
| Trachea | Descends from the larynx as a single tube reinforced with cartilage rings before it divides to go to each lung |
| Bronchi | Major branches of the cartilage-reinforced tube that go to each lung |
| Alveoli | Terminal branches of the lungs where respiratory gas exchange occurs |
| Partially saturated hemoglobin | One, two, or three oxygen molecules are bound to heme groups |
| Saturated hemoglobin | Four oxygen molecules are bound to heme groups |
| Oxygen in the process of combining with heme groups | Gas exchange in the lungs |
| Oxygen leaving heme groups | Gas exchange in the tissues |
| Chronic bronchitis | Inhaled irritants lead to chronic excessive mucus production by the mucosa of the lower respiratory passageways and to inflammation and fibrosis of that mucosa |
| Emphysema | Permanent enlargement of the alveoli, accompanied by deterioration of the alveolar walls |
| Asthma | Characterized by episodes of coughing, dyspnea,wheezing, and chest tightness; airways become hypersensitive to irritants due to inflammation |
| Lung cancer | Associated with cigarette smoking; constant irritation of cilia are overwhelmed and eventually stop functioning;mutations occur in cells causing uncontrolled growth |
| Single tube with C rings of cartilage | Trachea |
| Paired tubes with C rings of cartilage | Primary bronchi |
| Three in the right lung; two in the left; plates of cartilage | Secondary bronchi |
| Ten in each lung; small amounts of cartilage; smooth muscle dominates | Tertiary bronchi |
| Many small tubes of less than 1 mm in diameter; smooth muscle only in the walls; no cartilage | Bronchioles |
| Air moves into the lungs because: | the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts |
| Alveolar ventilation rate is: | the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time |
| Hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where: | pH is more acidic |
| In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is ____________________ | about 104 mmHg |
| Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is: | converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma |
| The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the: | epiglottis |
| The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called | pulmonary ventilation |
| This tissue lines the trachea | Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest? | Vital capacity |
| Which respiratory structure has the smallest diameter? | Bronchiole |
| Involuntary hyperventilation during an anxiety attack can cause the person to become faint because of: | lowered CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels. |
| Which of the following gases has no effect in the blood until hyperbaric conditions occur? nitrogen, carbon monoxide, helium, carbon dioxide, oxygen: | nitrogen |
| Which of the following terms describes the increase in depth and force of breathing that occurs during vigorous exercise? | Hyperpnea |
| Approximately 20% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as: | carbaminohemoglobin |
| Which of the following controls the respiratory rate? | Medulla |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone? | Gas exchange |
| True or False: Loudness of voice depends on the size of the vocal cords. | False |
| Some facts about voice production | The larynx enlarges in males during puberty..The glottis is wide when deep tones are produced..The more tense the vocal cords, the higher the pitch. |
| True or False: the trachealis muscle prevents the trachea from collapsing and keeps it patent, despite the pressure changes that take place during breathing | False |
| Some functions of the trachealis muscle: | It helps expel mucus during coughing..It allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly when food is swallowed..It decreases the diameter during expiration to expel air with a greater force |
| An example of an enzyme located in the lung capillary membrane that acts on material in the blood is: | angiotensin converting enzyme |
| Which of the following is an enzyme located in the lung capillary membrane that acts on material in the blood: prostoglandins, renin, interferon | none of these |
| ______________ pressure keeps the air spaces in the lung open | transpulmonary |
| Which of the following conditions would NOT cause atelectasis?Plugging of the bronchioli..A chest wound that perforates..the pleura and allows air into the pleural cavity..Pneumonia | smoking |
| Airway resistance is insignificant in relationship to gas flow because: | the airways branch more as they get smaller, resulting in a huge total cross-sectionalarea |
| The transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the ____________ and the __________ pressure. | intrapulmonary..intrapleural |
| True or False: An increase in lung compliance would NOT decrease the total respiratory compliance? | True |
| True or False: Yawning, a non-respiratory movement, would ventilate all of the alveoli? | True |
| Would any of the following non-respiratory movements ventilate all of the alveoli? sneezing, hiccups, crying | no |
| Learn the correct answer in ()..All of the following would be caused by breathing excessively high concentrations of oxygen for a long period of time, except: | production of huge amounts of free radicals...oxygen toxicity..(increased mental function)..coma. |
| The following non-respiratory movements is caused by irritation of the diaphragm? | hiccups |
| The dorsal respiratory group: | is located dorsally at the root of cranial nerve IX. |
| The pontine respiratory group is responsible for all of the following functions | smoothing out the transition from inspiration to expiration...regulating and modifying the activity of the medullary neurons..causing apneustic breathing if it is damaged. |
| The pontine respiratory group is not responsible for the following function | stimulating the contraction of the diaphragm |
| __ loss is not found in a "blue bloater"? | Weight |
| Name 3 things found in a blue bloater | cyanosis..pulmonary hypertension..right-sided heart failure |
| True or False..External respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and the alveoli | True |
| True or False..If intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure equalize, atelectasis will occur | True |
| True or False..The most prevalent gas in the atmosphere is oxygen | False |
| True or False..The transpulmonary air pressure is greatest during initial inspiratory events | False |
| True or False..Without the secretions of the type II alveolar cells, the lungs would collapse between breaths | True |
| True or False..During fetal life the lungs are filled with fluid and all respiratory exchanges are made by the placenta | True |
| True or False..The respiratory rate increases from birth until adulthood | False |
| True or False..An increase in temperature of the blood will decrease Hb affinity for O2 | True |
| True or False..Most oxygen is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin, while most carbon dioxide is transported as carbaminohemoglobin | False |
| True or False..An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood will cause a slight increase in H+ concentration (drop in pH) | True |
| True or False..The dorsal respiratory group is the expiratory center | False |
| True or False..The intestines is an accessory organ of the digestive system | False |
| Name three accessory organs of the digestive system | teeth..salivary glands..tongue |
| The major site for nutrient absorption is the ____. | small intestine |
| True or False..The primary goal of digestive tract regulatory mechanisms is to optimize nutrient breakdown and absorption. | True |
| The serous membrane that covers the external surface of most digestive organs is called the ___. | visceral peritoneum |
| _______ circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver. | hepatic portal |
| Serosa | Protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal |
| Mucosa | Main site of nutrient absorption |
| Submucosa | Moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers |
| Muscularis externa | Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis |
| Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins. | False |
| The permanent dentition consists of _____ teeth in a full set. | 32 |
| A weak gastroesophageal sphincter can result in heartburn. | True |
| The stomach chemically digests carbohydrates | False |
| Give 3 functions of the stomach | serves as a temporary holding area for ingested food..chemically digests carbohydrates..mechanically digests food |
| The phases of gastric secretion from first to last are: | cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase |
| The increased concentration of HCO3^(-) in blood draining from the stomach is called __________. | the alkaline tide |
| The_________ is the first segment of the small intestine | duodenum |
| Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the ________ of the small intestine. | microvilli |
| Bile is stored and concentrated in the____. | gallbladder |
| the liver has 3 lobes | False |
| Give 3 characteristics of the liver | stores glucose..highly regenerative..role in detoxifying the blood |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK).._______ is found in pancreatic secretions... | False |
| Give 3 chemicals..found in pancreatic secretions... | Bicarbonate..Chymotrypsinogen..Procarboxypeptidase |
| Most digestion occurs in the small intestine. | False |
| Most water is absorbed in the ________. | large intestine |
| Are the following produced by bacteria flora in the large intestine: vitamin K..CO2..B vitamins: | No |
| Intrinsic Factor is produced by bacterial flora in the large intestine | True |
| Diarrhea results when food passes too quickly through the large intestine. | True |
| Lipids | Fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| Proteins | Amino acids |
| Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides |
| Nucleic acids | Nucleotides |
| Pepsin enzymatically digests _____. | protein |
| Someone on a fat-free diet would not efficiently absorb vitamin D from their diet. | True |
| Chief cell | produces an inactive enzyme |
| islet | makes hormones |
| paneth | produces lysozyme |
| parietal | makes intrinsic factor |
| kupffer | phagocytic |
| Ingestion | Taking food into the digestive system |
| Mechanical Digestion | Chewing.. mixing.. churning.. and segmentation of food |
| Chemical Digestion | Enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules |
| Absorption | Passage of digested materials from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph |
| Defecation | Elimination of indigestible solids |
| In direct contact with ingested food | Mucosa |
| Dense connective tissue with many elastic fibers | Submucosa |
| Composed of longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle | Muscularis |
| Same structure as the visceral peritoneum | Serosa |
| Parotid gland (oral cavity) | Large salivary gland lying near the ear |
| Sublingual gland (oral cavity) | Salivary gland below the tongue |
| Submandibular gland (oral cavity) | Smaller salivary gland located under the jaw |
| Secures the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity (oral cavity) | Lingual frenulum |
| Rugae (of the stomach) | Folds of mucosal layer |
| Pyloric sphincter (of the stomach) | Located at the inferior end and controls stomach emptying |
| Gastroesophogeal sphincter (of the stomach) | Lies at superior end and regulates movement of food from the esophagus |
| Body (of the stomach) | Able to stretch and hold large amounts of food |
| phases of regulation of gastric secretions | Cephalic phase..Gastric phase..Intestinal phase |
| Cephalic phase | Stimulated by the sight or smell of food |
| Gastric phase | Stimulated by distension of the stomach and low acidity |
| Intestinal phase | Stimulated by partially digested proteins and fats |
| hormones involved in gastric secretion | Secretin..CCK..Gastrin..GIP |
| Secretin | Inhibits gastric gland secretions |
| CCK | Increases the secretions of enzyme rich pancreatic juice |
| Gastrin | Stimulated by partially digested proteins in the stomach and..increases gastric gland secretions.. |
| GIP | Inhibits gastric gland secretions; released in response to..presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine.. |
| Carbohydrates..organic molecules.. | Most is ingested in the form of starch |
| Lipids..organic molecules.. | Triglycerides are the most common in diet |
| Proteins..organic molecules.. | Built of long chains of amino acids |
| Nucleic acids..organic molecules.. | Made up of ribose or deoxyribose sugars and..nitrogenous bases.. |
| Salivary amylase..substances involved in organic molecule digestion.. | 1. Begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth |
| Sucrase, lactase, and maltase..substances involved in organic molecule digestion.. | 2. Digests proteins in the small intestines |
| Bile..substances involved in organic molecule digestion.. | 3. Emulsifies fats for digestion |
| Sucrase, lactase, and maltase..substances involved in organic molecule digestion.. | 4. Brush border enzymes that act on disaccharides |
| Crown | 1. Exposed and covered in enamel |
| Root | 2. Embedded in the jawbone |
| Cementum | 3. Calcified connective tissue around bottom of tooth |
| Periodontal ligament | 4. Forms the support of the gomphosis |
| In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the | duodenum |
| During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the: | gastroesophageal sphincter |
| During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation: | the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited. |
| Protective collections of lymphocytes and macrophages occur in: | the Peyer's patches. |
| What is the main organic molecule digested in the stomach? | Proteins |
| The propulsive function that occurs in the esophagus is called: | peristalsis. |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine? | It contains a large number of bacteria. |
| the large intestine..It provides absorptive function... | True |
| the large intestine..It is the site for acid neutralization.. | False |
| the large intestine..It has villi.. | False |
| the large intestine..Is longer than the small intestine.. | False |
| Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility? | Gastrin |
| Which sequence below represents the correct layering of the wall of the GI tract, starting from..the layer next to the lumen?.. | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
| The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed from the union of the: | bile duct and main pancreatic duct. |
| What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi? | Decreased surface area for absorption would cause weight loss to occur. |
| The stomach produces ___ and ___. | HCl and intrinsic factor |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is: | monosaccharides. |
| Which of the following cells produce HCl?..Chief cells..Parietal cells..Enteroendocrine cells..G cells..Mucous cells | Parietal cells |
| Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen?..Mucous cells..Parietal cells..Chief cells..G cells..Enteroendocrine cells | Chief cells |
| The digestive system in a cadaver is longer than in a living person because, in a cadaver, there is no ___ ___ | muscle tone |
| ________________ is the major means of propulsion in the digestive system. | Peristalsis |
| The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by: | the enteric plexuses. |
| the mesentery..The "omenta" is special name for part of the mesentery... | True |
| the mesentery..It provides a route for blood vessel, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera.. | True |
| the mesentery..It holds the organs of the abdomen in place.. | True |
| the mesentery..It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucus membrane.. | False |
| Which of the following is the most common cause of peritonitis? | A burst appendix |
| The myxovirus causes: | mumps. |
| Halitosis is caused by: | increased activity of anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue. |
| Which of the following teeth are most commonly impacted? | Wisdom teeth |
| Which of the following conditions is directly associated with an increased risk for heart disease..and stroke?.. | Periodontitis |
| The only stomach function that is essential to life is: | the secretion of intrinsic factor |
| The ___________ phase of gastric secretion is considered a conditioned reflex. | cephalic |
| Gastrin is an intestinal hormone that is part of the enterogastrone. | False |
| Give three intestinal hormones that are part of the enterogastrone. | Secretin..vasoactive intestinal peptide..Cholecystokinin |
| Hollow organs, like the stomach, that act as reservoirs exhibit: | plasticity. |
| Many of the early food allergies seen in infants are caused by: | absorption of whole proteins. |
| A condition that affects the large bowel and has no physiological or anatomical cause is: | irritable bowel. |
| Amino-acid absorption is coupled to the active transport of sodium. | True |
| Bile digests fats and related lipids. | False |
| Defecation is mediated by a sympathetic spinal cord reflex. | False |
| In addition to gastrin, the stomach produces serotonin and histamine to regulate smooth muscle..contraction and parietal cells' release of HCl, respectively... | True |
| Portal triads contain a branch of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct. | False |
| Protein digestion begins in the oral cavity under the action of salivary peptidase | False |
| The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ. | True |
| The pyloric sphincter regulates passage of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum | True |
| The vermiform appendix essentially has no purpose. | True |
| Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the body. | True |
| The hepatopancreatic ampulla is composed of the pancreatic duct and the lesser hepatic duct. | False |
| Give the order of the large intestines: | cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon..splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon.. |
| The submucosa is in direct contact with food. | False |
| Digested fats are absorbed into intestinal capillaries. | False |
| The submucosal plexus controls the motility of the digestive tract. | False |
| An adult has 20 teeth. | False |
| Where are digestion fats absorbed? | the microvilli of the small intestine where they are absorbed into the epithelial cells of the intestine. |
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