UTSW Neuro Block II
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| What is the cephalic flexure? | bend in the CNS that tilts the axis of the developing brain forward so that ventral refers to below rather than in front of & dorsal referes to above rather than behind
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| What are the 3 layers of the meninges? | outside->in: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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| What are the 5 subdivisions of the CNS (rostral to caudal)? | Cerebral hemispheres (telencephalon); diencephalon (diencephalon); brainstem: midbrain (mesencephalon), pons (metencephalon), medulla (myelencephalon); cerebellum (metencephalon); spinal cord
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| What divides the cerebral hemispheres? | deep midline groove called the longitudinal fissure
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| What joins the cerebral hemispheres? | massive bundle of white matter called corpus callosum
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| What are the irregularly folded ridges & separating clefts on the external surface of the cerebral hemispheres called? | ridges: gyri, clefts: sulci
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| What are the 4 major lobes of the hemispheres? | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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| What are the 4 major sulci visible on the lateral surface of each cerebral hemisphere? | lateral (sylvian) fissure, central sulcus, superior temporal sulcus, and pre-occipital notch
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| What fissure separates the frontal & parietal lobes from the temporal lobe? | lateral (sylvian) fissure
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| What groove separates the frontal & parietal lobes? | central sulcus
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| What sulcus runs inferior & parallel to the lateral fissure? | superior temporal sulcus
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| What indentation on the inferior-lateral aspect of each hemisphere provides the starting point of an imaginary line separating the parietal & temporal lobes from the occipital lobe? | pre-occipital notch
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| Which 2 important gyri are located in the frontal lobe & what are their functions? | precentral gyrus = primary motor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus (contains Broca's area in dominant hemisphere = motor control of speech)
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| In addition to motor functions, what other functions are related to the frontal lobe? | personality, insight, affect
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| What is the main function contained in the parietal lobe? | sensory info processing
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| What are the 3 key gyri & their functions in the parietal lobe? | postcentral gyrus = primary sensory cortex, supramarginal gyrus (wraps around end of lateral fissure), angular gyrus (wraps around end of superior temporal sulcus = major role in language development)
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| Where does the parietal lobe end posteriorly? | pre-occipital notch
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| What is the key gyrus in the temporal lobe? | superior temporal gyrus = primary auditory region of cerebral cortex & contains Wernicke's area (speech comprehension)
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| Where does the temporal lobe end posteriorly? | pre-occipital notch
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| What key function is contained in the occipital lobe? | primary visual cortex
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| What cortical structure is located deep within the lateral fissure & what is its function? | insular cortex = sense of taste
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| What gyri & sulci are located on either side of the longitudinal fissure in the frontal lobe? | straight
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| What lies within the straight sulcus? | olfactory tract
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| What occupies most of the ventral surface of the brain? | ventral part of temporal lobes
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| What are the 2 key ventral temporal lobe structures? | parahippocampal gyrus (cortical area overlying hippocampus) with a small medial protrusion called the uncus
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| What are 4 key ventral landmarks not associated with the temporal lobe? | optic nerves/optic chiasm, infundibulum, mammillary bodies (both in hypothalamus), cerebral peduncles (myelinated fibers carrying info from cerebral hemispheres to caudal areas of CNS)
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| What are 4 major sulci visible in the midline of the brain? | congulate sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, calcarine sulcus, imaginary vertical line from superior margin of cenral sulcus down to corpus callosum
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| Which mid-brain gyrus lies within both the frontal & parietal lobes? | cingulate gyrus
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| What role does the cingulate gyrus play in the brain & what other gyrus does it merge with? | part of the limbic system (emotion/memory), merges with the parahippocampal gyrus
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| What key gyri are visible in the frontal lobe with a mid-brain slice? | cingulate & straight gyrus
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| Where is the calcarine cortex & what is its function? | in the midline view of the occipital lobe & it lies on either side of the calcarine sulcus, main purpose = primary visual cortex
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| What connects the cerebral hemispheres & diencephalon with the spinal cord? | brainstem
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| What are the 3 major divisions of the brainstem? | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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| All cranial nerves exit from the brainstem except? | olfactory tracts & optic nerves
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| What are the 4 major landmarks of the midbrain? | cerebral peduncles, interpeduncular fossa, cranial nerves 3 & 4, superior/inferior colliculi
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| What are the prominent, symmetrical collections of myelinated fibers that lie on the ventral-lateral aspect of the mid-brain? | cerebral peduncles
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| What are cerebral peduncles caudal extensions of? | the internal capsules
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| What is the space between the cerebral peduncles called? | interpeduncular fossa
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| What cranial nerve emerges from the interpeduncular fossa? | 3 (oculomotor)
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| Where does the 4th cranial nerve exit the midbrain? | the dorsal aspect just below the inferior colliculus
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| Which is the only cranial that emerges from the posterior side of the brainstem? | 4 (trochlear)
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| What symmetrically paired structures lie on the dorsal surface of the brainstem & what are their roles? | superior (control eye movements) & inferior colliculi (control hearing)
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| What are the 4 major external landmarks of the pons? | basal pons, middle cerebellar peduncles, cranial nerves 5-8, fourth ventricle
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| What area on the ventral pons surface contains descending fibers from cerebral peduncles, neurons, and axons & how do these enter the cerebellum? | basal pons; middle cerebellar peduncles
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| What are the large bundles of white matter that extend from the basal pons into the cerebellum? | middle cerebellar peduncles (brachium pontis)
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| What cranial nerve emerges from the ventral-lateral surface of the basal pons near the brrachium pontis? | 5 (trigeminal)
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| Which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem in a medial to lateral sequence at a junction between the pons & medulla oblongata? | 6 (abducens), 7 (facial), 8 (vestibulocochlear)
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| Which diamond shaped structure receives CSF from the cerebral aqueduct & lies on the dorsal surfaces of the pons & medulla? | fourth ventricle
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| What are the 2 key landmarks in the medulla oblongata? | pyramids & inferior olives
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| Which vertically oriented columns of white matter lie on the ventral surface of the medulla on either side of the midline & carry descending motor fibers from the primary motor cortex? | pyramids
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| What is the origin of the lateral corticospinal tracts? | fibers from the primary motor cortex that cross in the caudal medulla & enter the spinal cord
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| What are the rounded protuberances that lie just behind the pyramids & over the inferior olivary nucleus? | inferior olives
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| Which cranial nerves emerge in a rostral to caudal sequence from a shallow groove behind the olive? | 9 (glossopharyngeal) & 10 (vagus)
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| Which cranial nerve emerges below the vagus from cervical spinal cord & lower medulla? | 11 (spinal accessory) rootlets
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| Where does the 12th cranial nerve (hypoglossal) exit the medulla oblongata? | between the pyramid & the olive
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| What anchors the cerebellum to the brainstem? | 3 paired bundles of white matter called peduncles
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| What is the surface of the cerebellum composed of? | fine parallel ridges called folia
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| What are the 3 key landmarks of the cerebellum? | hemispheres, vermis, flocculi
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| What accounts for most of the mass of the cerebellum & receives extensive input from the cerebral cortex? | hemispheres
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| What is the midline portion of the cerebellum? | vermis
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| What are the 2 small tufts of cerebellar tissue ventrally adjacent to the middle cerebellar peduncle? | flocculi
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| What makes up the flocculonodular lobe & what is its function? | the flocculi + part of the vermis called the nodulus; concerned with balance
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| What are the 4 key structures in the deep midline cerebral hemisphere? | corpus callosum, fornix, septum pellucidum, anterior commissure
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| What are the 4 divisions of the corpus callosum? | splenium, body, genu, rostrum
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| What curving bundle of myelinated fibers runs beneath the corpus callosum? | fornix
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| Which part of the limbic system connects the hippocampus & mammillary bodies? | fornix
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| What lies at the inferior border of the fornix & allows the lateral cerebral ventricle to communicate with the thrid ventricle? | interventricular foramen or foramen of Monro
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| What membrane lies between the inferior border of the corpus callosum & the superior border of the fornix? | septum pellucidum (separates lateral ventricles)
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| What white matter tract allows portions of the temporal lobes & olfactory structures to communicate? | anterior commissure (lies just in front of the fornix)
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| What are the 4 divisions of the diencephalon? | thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
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| What division of the diencephalon is not visible in the midline? | subthalamus
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| What is the largest component of the diencephalon? | thalamus (prominent collection of nuclei just beneath fornix)
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| What forms the roof of the third ventricle? | stria medullaris on medial surface of thalamus
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| What is a key function of the thalamus? | relaying sensory info to the cerebral cortex
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| What area of gray matter is located just below & slightly anterior to the the thalamus? | hypothalamus
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| What separates the thalamus from the hypothalamus? | the hypothalamic sulcus
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| What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary stalk? | infundibulum
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| What marks the posterior extent of the hypothalamus? | mammillary bodies
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| What is the key role of the hypothalamus? | endocrine system regulation, memory, & control of many autonomic activities
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| What forms the medial border of the thalamus & hypothalamus? | third ventricle
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| Where does CSF enter & leave the third ventricle from? | the lateral ventricles via the foramen of Monro on each side & leaves via the midline cerebral aqueduct
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| What is the major component of the epithalamus visible on the sagittal surface? | pineal gland
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| What collection of axons from the medial portion of the retina terminate in the nucleus of the the contralateral thalamus? | optic chiasm
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| What are the 3 major internal landmarks of the midbrain? | cerebral aqueduct, substantia nigra, red nucleus (last 2 not visible in sagittal section of brain)
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| What allows CSF to flow from third ventricle to fourth? | cerebral aqueduct
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| What gray matter area part of the limbic system lies in the anterior portion of the temporal lobe just beneath the medial temporal cortical surface? | amygdala
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| What is the caudate nucleus? | a homogenous area of gray matter that protrudes into the lateral ventricle (part of basal ganglia involved in initiation & control of movement)
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| What bundle of white matter fibers forms the lateral border of the caudate nucleus & separates it from the putamen? | internal capsule (contains fibers heading towards & leaving the cerebral cortex)
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| What is the neostriatum? | caudate nucleus + putamen
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| What area of gray matter lies lateral to the internal capsule & is part of the basal ganglia? | putamen
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| What is the claustrum? | a delicate sliver of gray matter just lateral to the putamen, separated by external capsule from putamen & from insular cortex by extreme capsule
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| What extends across the hemispheres at the lower border of the putamen? | anterior commissure
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| What part of the limbic system is an infolded area of the cortex lying in the medial portion of the temporal lobe? | hippocampus (plays an important role in formation & maintenance of memories)
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| What component of the basal ganglia lies medial to the putamen & contains myelinated fibers? | globus pallidus
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| What lies between the globus pallidus & the thalamus? | internal capsule
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| What is the interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia)? | bit o gray matter connecting the thalamic nuclei in one hemisphere with those in the opposite hemisphere in many people
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| What part of the basal ganglia & diencephalon is just beneath the thalamus coronally? | subthalamic nucleus
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| What is the most caudal component of the basal ganglia? | substantia nigra
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| Where is the red nucleus? | rostral midbrain just medial to the substantia nigra
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| What does the pachymeninx include? | dura mater - tightly applied to inner periostium of skull & spinal cord
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| What does the leptomeninges include? | arachnoid mater (spider web-like processes that extend down to pia mater) and pia mater (single cell layer at surface of CNS), subarachnoid space (between arachnoid & pia mater)
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| What does the subarachnoid space contain? | the major blood vessels that give rise to the penetrating branches that enter substance of CNS, and the CSF
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| Are the spinal meninges continuous with the meninges of the brain? | yes
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| What surrounds the spinal cord with CSF? | subarachnoid space
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| What forms the floor & roof of the fourth ventricle? | floor = dorsal pons & medulla, roof = cerebellum
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| What are the foramina of the neuro ventricular system? | interventricular foramen, median aperture of the 4th vetricule (foramen of Magendie), lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka)
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| What does the foramen of Magendie connect? | dorsal 4th ventricle & subarachnoid space around the base of the cerebellum
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| What do the foramina of Luschka connect? | the lateral recesses of the 4th ventricle & subarachnoid space at the lateral junction of the cerebellum and brainstem
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| What is the central canal? | continuation of 4th ventricle in spinal cord, generally not patent in adults
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| What is CSF? | clear, colorless, acellular fluid actively secreted (water, nacl, protein, glucose, and K)
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| What is the daily formation rate of CSF? | 500 ml/day
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| Where is CSF located? | ventricular system (25 ml), subarachnoid space (125 ml)
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| What is the function of CSF? | encases brain & spinal cord & performs shock-absorbing & spatial buffering
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| What secretes most CSF? | choroid plexus
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| What are the characteristics of the choroid plexus? | very vascular, fenestrated capillaries with cuboidal epithelial cells (related to ependyma)
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| Where is the choroid plexus located? | lateral, third, and 4th ventricles, foramina of munro, formanina of luschka into subarachnoid space
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| What is an alternate source of CSF? | metabolic water production & capillary ultrafiltrate
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| Where is CSF reabsorbed? | arachnoid villi
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| Where does CSF re-enter venous circulation? | superior sagittal sinus
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| How frequently is CSF turned over daily? | 3-4x/day
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| What are commonly measured constituents of CSF in lab anaysis? | cells, proteins, glucose; antibody levels, tumor markers
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| How is CSF obtained for analysis? | lumbar puncture (L4-5)
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| What is myelography? | intro of contrast agents directly into CSF allowing radiographic visualization of brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots
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| What allows differention of CSF from brain parenchyma on MRI? | water content
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| What causes hydrocephalus? | obstruction to flow of CSF or overproduction leading to enlargement of ventricular system
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| What are the 3 barriers between ECF & brain/peripheral nerves? | blood-brain, blood-CSF, blood-nerve
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| What are the key components of the blood-brain barrier? | tight junctions between adjacent epithelial cells of CNS capillaries, lacking pinocytic vesicles; astrocytic foot processes that ensheath CNS capillaries
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| What is the blood-brain barrier permeable to? | glucose, a.a., lactate, ribonucleosides, lipid-soluble components, DOPA
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| What is the blood-brain barrier impermeable to? | albumin, protein-bound substances, polar molecules, some antibiotics
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| What brain regions is the blood-brain barrier absent from? | posterior lobe of pituitary gland, pineal gland, circumventricular structures (vascular organ of lamin terminalis, subfornical organ, median eminence of hypothalamus, area postrema)
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| What disease conditions can cause breakdown of the blood-brain barrier? | direct injury of brain capillaries, inflammation, proliferation of new capillaries w/o tight junctions
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| What are the components of the blood-CSF barrier? | tight junctions between choroid plexus epithelial cells, surface area only 0.02% of blood-brain barrier
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| What is the blood-CSF barrier permeable to? | water, gases, lipid-soluble compounds, micronutrients, small peptides
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| What is the blood-CSF barrier impermeable to? | proteins & small polar molecules
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| What are the components of the blood-nerve barrier? | tight junctions between adjacent endothelial cells of endoneurial capillaries in the peripheral nervous system
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| What is the purpose of th blood-nerve barrier? | prevent entry of large molecules into the endoneurial compartment of peripheral nerves
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