MedTermsDigestSystem
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| alimentation | process of providing nutrition for body
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| What are nutrients used for? | growth, generation of energy and elimination of wastes
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| Roles of Digestive System | ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
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| Ingestion | 1: oral taking of substances into body
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| Digestion | 2: mechanical and chemical conversion of food into substance that can by absorbed by cells
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| Absorption | 3: digested food molecules pass through lining of small intestine into blood or lymph capillaries
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| Elimination | 4: removal of undigested food particles, defecation
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| Classes of nutrients | carbs, proteins, lipids
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| Carbohydrates | basic source of energy for human cells, sugars and starches
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| Enzymes | chemical breakdown of nutrients into simpler substances
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| Lactsase | breaks down lactose
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| Glucsoe | digestion of sugars, major source of energy for body
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| Amlyase | breaks down starch
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| Protease | breaks down proteins
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| Lipase | breaks down lipids
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| Lipids | energy reserve
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| -ation | action or process
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| bil/i, chol/e | bile
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| cirrh/o | yellow-orange
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| de- | down, reversing
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| gylcos/o | sugar
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| -orexia | appetite
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| -pepsia | digestion
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| vag/o | vagus nerve
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| viscer/o | viscera
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| What canals is digestive system divided into? | alimentary and several organs
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| digestive tract | begins at mouth ends at anus
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| gastrointestinal | stomach and intestines
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| UGI | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
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| LGI | small and large intestines
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| cheil/o | lips
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| dent/i, dent/o, odont/o | teeth
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| gingiv/o | gums
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| gloss/o, lingu/o | tongue
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| esophag/o | esophagus
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| gastr/o | stomach
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| intestin/o, enter/o | intestines
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| duoden/o | duodenum
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| jejun/o | jejunum
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| ile/o | ileum
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| col/o, colon/o | colon, large intestine
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| append/o, appendic/o | appendix
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| cec/o | cecum
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| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon
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| proct/o | anus
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| rect/o | rectum
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| an/o | anus
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| duodenum | begins at end of stomach
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| ileum | joins with cecum
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| large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum, and canal
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| Colon | ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
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| Accessory organs | produces substances needed for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients : liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands
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| Liver | largest organ, produces bile
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| bile | breaks downs fats before absorption by small intestine, stored in gallbladder
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| bile duct | main duct that conveys bile to duodenum
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| choledochal | pertaining to common bile duct
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| sialography | demonstrate the presence of calculi in ducts, inject radiopaque into ducts
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| proctoscopy | examination of rectum
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| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | caused by resistance to insulin or lack of insulin secretion by insulin secreting cells of pancreas
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| hyperglycemia | increased glucose level in blood, may result in diabetes
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| Polyphagia | excessive hunger, uncontrolled eating
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| polydipsia | excessive thirst
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| polyuria | excessive urination
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| Type 1 diabetes | genetically determine, results in absolute insulin deficiency
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| Type 2 diabetes | genetics, environmental factors, aging and obesity, insulin resistance
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| gestational diabetes mellitus | during pregnancy, carbohydrate intolerance, deficiency of insulin, disappears after delivery but can return later
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| hypoglycemia | too much insulin
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| carcinoma | can occur in almost any organ in gastrointestinal system
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| hyperlipemia | increased amount of fat or lipids in blood
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| obesity | abnormal increase in proportion of fat cells, 20% above desirable body weight for person's age, sex, heigh and body type
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| hyperemesis | excessive vomiting
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| diarrhea | excessive discharge
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| emaciation | excessive leanness cause by disease or lack of nutrition
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| anorexia | loss of appetite for food
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| anorexia nervosa | disorder characterized by prolonged refusal to eat resulting in emaciation
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| bulimia | episodes of binge eating with self-induced vomiting
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| malnutrition | caused by bulimia, anorexia nervosa, malabsorption, improper absorption of nutrients into bloodstream from intestines
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| malabsorption syndrome | complex of symptoms that include anorexia, weight loss, flatulence, muscle cramps, bone pain
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| canker sores | ulcers in mouth and lips
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| cheilitis | inflammation of lips
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| gingivitis | inflammation of gum
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| glossitis | inflammation of tongue, painful sometimes covered with ulcers, difficult swallowing
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| stomatitis | inflammation of mouth
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| dysphagia | inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing
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| esophageal varices | complex of enlarges and swollen veins at lower end of esophagus that are susceptible to hemorrhage
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| esophagitis | inflammation of esophagus
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | backflow of stomach contents into esophagus, burning pain in esophagus treatments: elevation of head of the bed, avoidance of acid-stimulation goods, use of antacids
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| gastritis | inflammation of stomach
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| gastrocele | herniation of stomach, hiatus, hiatal hernia
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| hiatus/hiatal hernia | protrusion of structure through opening in diaphragm that allows passage of esophagus
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| gastroenterities | inflammation of stomach and intestinal tract
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| hyperacidity | excessive amount of acid in stomach, may lead to ulceration of stomach & is treated with antacids or antiulcer medications
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| ulcer | lesion of mucous membrane with shedding of dead tissue
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| upper gastrointestinal bleeding | bleeding of upper digestive system, evidence bloody vomit
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| appendicitis | inflammation of vermiform appedix
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| colitis | inflammation of colon
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| diverticulitis | inflammation of diverticulum in intestinal tract, especially in colon, causing stagnation or lack of movement, of feces and pain
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| diverticulum | small sac or pouch in wall of organ
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| diverticulosis | presence of diverticula without inflammation, affects older than 50 years
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| duodenal ulcer | ulcer of duodenum, bleeding may be present, perforation leading to peritonitis
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| duodenitis | inflammation of duodenum
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| enterostasis | stoppage or delay in passage of food through intestine
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| hemorrhoids | masses of veins in anal canal that are unnaturally distended and lies just inside or outside rectum, accompanied by pain, itching and bleeding
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| irritable bowel syndroms (IBS) | increased motility of small and large intestines of unknown origins, functional bowel syndrome, mucous colitis, spastic colon
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| lower gastrointestinal bleeding | bleeding of lower digestive structures
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| cholecystitis | inflammation of gallbladder
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| cholelithiasis | formation or presence of gallstones in gallbladder or common bile duct
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| cholestasis | stoppage of bile excretion
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| cirrhosis | chronic liver disease characterized by marked degeneration of liver cells
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| hepatitis | inflammation of liver
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| hepatomegaly | enlargement of liver
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| diabetes | general term for disease characterized by excessive urination
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| pancreatitis | inflammation of pancreas
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| enteral nutrition | introducing nutrients directly into gastrointestinal tract when patient cannot chew ingest or swallow food
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| enteral feeding | nasogastric, nasoduodenal, nasojejunal
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| anorexiant | appetite-suppressing drug
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| antidiarrheals | treat diarrhea
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| antiemetics | relieve or prevent vomiting
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| emetics | cause vomiting
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| laxatives | evacuation of bowel
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| purgatives/cathartics | strong medication used to promote full evacuation of bowel, in preparation of diagnostic studies or surgery of digestive tract
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| diabetes treatments | diet, exercise, weight control, glucose-lowering agents, insulin
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| gallstone treatment | laser lithotripsy, shock wave lithotripsy (no incision) : disintegrate the stone, particles pass through biliary ducts and are eliminated, may resort to cholecystectomy
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| laparoscopic cholecystectomy | gallbladder is excised with laser and removed through a small incision in abdominal wall
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| appendectomy | removal of vermiform appendix, removed when infected to prevent peritonitis
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| cholecystectomy | surgical removal of gallbladder, exploration of common bile duct often performed during cholecystectomy, biliary vessel injected with contrast medium and x-ray images taken to determine whether stones are present
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| colostomy | creation of artificial anus on abdominal wall by incising colon and drawing it out the the surface, when feces can't pass through
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| gastrectomy | surgical removal or all or part of stomach
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| gastroduodenostomy | surgical removal of stomach and duodenum
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| anastomosis | joining of 2 organs, vessels, ducts that are normally separate
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| gastrostomy | surgical creation of new opening into stomach through abdominal wall, allows insertion of synthetic feeding tube, performed when patient cant eat normally
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| lithotiptor | sloughs off gallstones til fragmented and can pass through biliary ducts
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| hemorrhoidectomy | removal of hemmorrhoids
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| ileostomy | creation of surgical passage through abdominal wall into ileum, fecal material from ileum drains through opening called stoma into bag
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| laparoscopy | examination on abdominal cavity with laparoscope through one or more small incision in abdominal wall; done for inspection of abdominal organs and laparoscopic surgeries
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| liver biopsy | removal of tissue from liver for pathologic examination
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| percutaneous biopsy | removal of liver tissue by using needle to puncture skin overlying the liver, closed biopsy
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| pancreatolithectomy | excision of a pancreatic stone
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| vagotomy | resection of portions of vagus nerve near stomach, decreases amount of gastric juices by severing nerve that controls their release
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