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MedTermsDigestSystem
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alimentation | process of providing nutrition for body |
| What are nutrients used for? | growth, generation of energy and elimination of wastes |
| Roles of Digestive System | ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination |
| Ingestion | 1: oral taking of substances into body |
| Digestion | 2: mechanical and chemical conversion of food into substance that can by absorbed by cells |
| Absorption | 3: digested food molecules pass through lining of small intestine into blood or lymph capillaries |
| Elimination | 4: removal of undigested food particles, defecation |
| Classes of nutrients | carbs, proteins, lipids |
| Carbohydrates | basic source of energy for human cells, sugars and starches |
| Enzymes | chemical breakdown of nutrients into simpler substances |
| Lactsase | breaks down lactose |
| Glucsoe | digestion of sugars, major source of energy for body |
| Amlyase | breaks down starch |
| Protease | breaks down proteins |
| Lipase | breaks down lipids |
| Lipids | energy reserve |
| -ation | action or process |
| bil/i, chol/e | bile |
| cirrh/o | yellow-orange |
| de- | down, reversing |
| gylcos/o | sugar |
| -orexia | appetite |
| -pepsia | digestion |
| vag/o | vagus nerve |
| viscer/o | viscera |
| What canals is digestive system divided into? | alimentary and several organs |
| digestive tract | begins at mouth ends at anus |
| gastrointestinal | stomach and intestines |
| UGI | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach |
| LGI | small and large intestines |
| cheil/o | lips |
| dent/i, dent/o, odont/o | teeth |
| gingiv/o | gums |
| gloss/o, lingu/o | tongue |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| intestin/o, enter/o | intestines |
| duoden/o | duodenum |
| jejun/o | jejunum |
| ile/o | ileum |
| col/o, colon/o | colon, large intestine |
| append/o, appendic/o | appendix |
| cec/o | cecum |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| proct/o | anus |
| rect/o | rectum |
| an/o | anus |
| duodenum | begins at end of stomach |
| ileum | joins with cecum |
| large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum, and canal |
| Colon | ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid |
| Accessory organs | produces substances needed for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients : liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands |
| Liver | largest organ, produces bile |
| bile | breaks downs fats before absorption by small intestine, stored in gallbladder |
| bile duct | main duct that conveys bile to duodenum |
| choledochal | pertaining to common bile duct |
| sialography | demonstrate the presence of calculi in ducts, inject radiopaque into ducts |
| proctoscopy | examination of rectum |
| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | caused by resistance to insulin or lack of insulin secretion by insulin secreting cells of pancreas |
| hyperglycemia | increased glucose level in blood, may result in diabetes |
| Polyphagia | excessive hunger, uncontrolled eating |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| polyuria | excessive urination |
| Type 1 diabetes | genetically determine, results in absolute insulin deficiency |
| Type 2 diabetes | genetics, environmental factors, aging and obesity, insulin resistance |
| gestational diabetes mellitus | during pregnancy, carbohydrate intolerance, deficiency of insulin, disappears after delivery but can return later |
| hypoglycemia | too much insulin |
| carcinoma | can occur in almost any organ in gastrointestinal system |
| hyperlipemia | increased amount of fat or lipids in blood |
| obesity | abnormal increase in proportion of fat cells, 20% above desirable body weight for person's age, sex, heigh and body type |
| hyperemesis | excessive vomiting |
| diarrhea | excessive discharge |
| emaciation | excessive leanness cause by disease or lack of nutrition |
| anorexia | loss of appetite for food |
| anorexia nervosa | disorder characterized by prolonged refusal to eat resulting in emaciation |
| bulimia | episodes of binge eating with self-induced vomiting |
| malnutrition | caused by bulimia, anorexia nervosa, malabsorption, improper absorption of nutrients into bloodstream from intestines |
| malabsorption syndrome | complex of symptoms that include anorexia, weight loss, flatulence, muscle cramps, bone pain |
| canker sores | ulcers in mouth and lips |
| cheilitis | inflammation of lips |
| gingivitis | inflammation of gum |
| glossitis | inflammation of tongue, painful sometimes covered with ulcers, difficult swallowing |
| stomatitis | inflammation of mouth |
| dysphagia | inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing |
| esophageal varices | complex of enlarges and swollen veins at lower end of esophagus that are susceptible to hemorrhage |
| esophagitis | inflammation of esophagus |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | backflow of stomach contents into esophagus, burning pain in esophagus treatments: elevation of head of the bed, avoidance of acid-stimulation goods, use of antacids |
| gastritis | inflammation of stomach |
| gastrocele | herniation of stomach, hiatus, hiatal hernia |
| hiatus/hiatal hernia | protrusion of structure through opening in diaphragm that allows passage of esophagus |
| gastroenterities | inflammation of stomach and intestinal tract |
| hyperacidity | excessive amount of acid in stomach, may lead to ulceration of stomach & is treated with antacids or antiulcer medications |
| ulcer | lesion of mucous membrane with shedding of dead tissue |
| upper gastrointestinal bleeding | bleeding of upper digestive system, evidence bloody vomit |
| appendicitis | inflammation of vermiform appedix |
| colitis | inflammation of colon |
| diverticulitis | inflammation of diverticulum in intestinal tract, especially in colon, causing stagnation or lack of movement, of feces and pain |
| diverticulum | small sac or pouch in wall of organ |
| diverticulosis | presence of diverticula without inflammation, affects older than 50 years |
| duodenal ulcer | ulcer of duodenum, bleeding may be present, perforation leading to peritonitis |
| duodenitis | inflammation of duodenum |
| enterostasis | stoppage or delay in passage of food through intestine |
| hemorrhoids | masses of veins in anal canal that are unnaturally distended and lies just inside or outside rectum, accompanied by pain, itching and bleeding |
| irritable bowel syndroms (IBS) | increased motility of small and large intestines of unknown origins, functional bowel syndrome, mucous colitis, spastic colon |
| lower gastrointestinal bleeding | bleeding of lower digestive structures |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of gallbladder |
| cholelithiasis | formation or presence of gallstones in gallbladder or common bile duct |
| cholestasis | stoppage of bile excretion |
| cirrhosis | chronic liver disease characterized by marked degeneration of liver cells |
| hepatitis | inflammation of liver |
| hepatomegaly | enlargement of liver |
| diabetes | general term for disease characterized by excessive urination |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of pancreas |
| enteral nutrition | introducing nutrients directly into gastrointestinal tract when patient cannot chew ingest or swallow food |
| enteral feeding | nasogastric, nasoduodenal, nasojejunal |
| anorexiant | appetite-suppressing drug |
| antidiarrheals | treat diarrhea |
| antiemetics | relieve or prevent vomiting |
| emetics | cause vomiting |
| laxatives | evacuation of bowel |
| purgatives/cathartics | strong medication used to promote full evacuation of bowel, in preparation of diagnostic studies or surgery of digestive tract |
| diabetes treatments | diet, exercise, weight control, glucose-lowering agents, insulin |
| gallstone treatment | laser lithotripsy, shock wave lithotripsy (no incision) : disintegrate the stone, particles pass through biliary ducts and are eliminated, may resort to cholecystectomy |
| laparoscopic cholecystectomy | gallbladder is excised with laser and removed through a small incision in abdominal wall |
| appendectomy | removal of vermiform appendix, removed when infected to prevent peritonitis |
| cholecystectomy | surgical removal of gallbladder, exploration of common bile duct often performed during cholecystectomy, biliary vessel injected with contrast medium and x-ray images taken to determine whether stones are present |
| colostomy | creation of artificial anus on abdominal wall by incising colon and drawing it out the the surface, when feces can't pass through |
| gastrectomy | surgical removal or all or part of stomach |
| gastroduodenostomy | surgical removal of stomach and duodenum |
| anastomosis | joining of 2 organs, vessels, ducts that are normally separate |
| gastrostomy | surgical creation of new opening into stomach through abdominal wall, allows insertion of synthetic feeding tube, performed when patient cant eat normally |
| lithotiptor | sloughs off gallstones til fragmented and can pass through biliary ducts |
| hemorrhoidectomy | removal of hemmorrhoids |
| ileostomy | creation of surgical passage through abdominal wall into ileum, fecal material from ileum drains through opening called stoma into bag |
| laparoscopy | examination on abdominal cavity with laparoscope through one or more small incision in abdominal wall; done for inspection of abdominal organs and laparoscopic surgeries |
| liver biopsy | removal of tissue from liver for pathologic examination |
| percutaneous biopsy | removal of liver tissue by using needle to puncture skin overlying the liver, closed biopsy |
| pancreatolithectomy | excision of a pancreatic stone |
| vagotomy | resection of portions of vagus nerve near stomach, decreases amount of gastric juices by severing nerve that controls their release |
Created by:
Hayzelley
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