AP HUG UNIT 6
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| Site | the place where the settlement is located. Absolute location of a city Ex. on a hill or in a sheltered valley
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| Situation | describes where the settlement is in relation to other settlements and features of the surrounding area. Relative location of a city Ex. the settlement surrounded by forest or next to a large city
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| Urbanization | the movement of people from rural areas to cities.
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| Socioeconomic Stratification | differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production or prestige.
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| First Urban Revolution | agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of early cities.
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| Transportation | innovations in transportation have shaped and reshaped the layout and size of cities and their surrounding areas over time.
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| Communication | innovations in communication systems allowed businesses, and therefore cities, to grow.
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| Rural to Urban Migration | movement of people (typically farmers) from rural settlements to urban centers in search of jobs.
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| Redevelopment | set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times.
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| Megacities | 10 million inhabitants or more (Cairo, Mumbai, Beijing, Dhaka, Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto)
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| Metacities | 20 million inhabitants or more (Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, São Paulo, Mexico City)
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| Micropolitan Area | Population between 10,000 - 50,000 people. Smaller City and Surrounding Towns/Counties
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| Megalopolis | a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together
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| Metropolitan statistical area | a central city of at least 50,000 people and urban areas linked to it
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| Suburbanization | is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of (sub)urban sprawl. As a consequence of the movement of households and businesses out of the city centers, low-density, peripheral urban areas grow.
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| Sprawl (or urban sprawl): | tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner
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| Edge Cities | nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities. (Not many people live here just for economy development)
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| Exurbs | a district outside a city, especially a prosperous area beyond the suburbs. Often found near farmland, beaches or mountains (Less housing density)
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| Boomburbs | large, rapidly growing, incorporated communities of more than 100,000 residents that are not the biggest city in their region.
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| World City | (or global city) a city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world’s commercial networks and financial markets. (Tokyo, Paris, New York City)
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| Urban Hierarchy | Ranking urban settlements by: Population size and economic function (i.e. # of services provided)
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| Transportation Services | those activities designed to assist a person to travel from one place to another to obtain services or carry out life’s activities.
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| Communication Systems | advanced communication systems that provide immediate access to information.
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| Business Services | services which serve as links to the corporate headquarters of international companies.
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| Rank-Size Rule | the country's nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. Describes a certain statistical regularity in the city-size distributions of countries and regions.(As the ranking of cities go down they're proportionally smaller)
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| Primate City | an urban area that dominates its country's economy, culture, and political affairs and is more than twice the population of the next largest city. Example: London, Paris, Bangkok
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| Christaller’s central place theory | explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists (Possible FRQ)
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| Central place | a settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers
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| Threshold | the # of people required to support businesses
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| Range | the distance people will travel to acquire a good
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| Low-Order central place functions | are used by consumers on a regular/daily basis and, as a result, people are not willing to travel far to use them (Walgreens, gas station, grocery store)
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| High-Order central place functions | are used less frequently by consumers and, as a result, people are willing to travel further for it. (baseball games, football games, hospitals)
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| Gravity Model | interaction of places based on their population, sizes, and distances between them.
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| Concentric-Zone Model | Urban model by Burgess; divides the city into five concentric zones, defined by their function, centered around the CBD. Based on Chicago.
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| Sector Model | Created by Homer Hoyt. Zones expanded outward from the city center along transportation corridors creating a wedge shape. As growth occurs, similar activities stay in the same area and extend outward.
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| Multiple Nuclei Model | was created by Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman in 1945 for developed countries and large expanding cities.
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| Galactic (peripheral) City Model | it consists of an inner city, surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas and tied together by transportation nodes (edge cities)
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| Latin American City Model | Model developed by Griffin and Ford attempting to generalize Latin American cities. Mall, spine, disamenity zone, etc.
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| African City Model | Created by Harm DeBlij - fast growing cities with three CBDs: Colonial CBD, Traditional CBD, and Market CBD. The quality of residence gets poorer the farther from the CBDs.
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| Southeast Asian Model | This model was developed in 1967 by T.G. McGee. McGee studied several cities in Southeast Asia and discovered that they shared certain aspects of land-use(CED NOTES FOR SIMILARITIES)
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| The bid rent theory | is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases.
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| Low Density Housing | residential homes, lots of open space fewest people per geographic unit (Suburbs)
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| Medium Density Housing | townhomes, single unit housing
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| High Density Housing: | high rises, most people per unit (cities). Land is more expensive in these areas and causes people to be more crammed into smaller apartments
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| Infiling: | The process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land.
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| Smart-Growth | urban planning that avoids urban sprawl and focuses on long term implications with sustainable design initiatives and guides development into more convenient patterns and into areas where infrastructure allows growth to be sustained over the long term.
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| New Urbanism | walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces.
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| Greenbelts | areas of undeveloped land around an urban area. A green belt usually includes running and biking paths and tends to incorporate many tunnels and small gardens. Green belts also limit the sprawl of urban areas.
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| Slow-Growth Cities | slowing a city’s growth to limit the problems associated with growth and improve sustainability.
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| De Facto Segregation | Racial segregation that happens by tradition,racists acts,etc rather than by legal requirement
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| Positive of Urban Sustainability | Reduction of sprawl, improve walkability and transportation, improved and diverse housing options, and improved livability and promotion of sustainable options.
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| Negatives of Urban Sustainability | Increased housing costs, possible de facto segregation, and potential loss of historical or place character.
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| Redlining | a discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods
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| Blockbusting | the practice of persuading owners to sell property cheaply because of the fear of people of another ethnic or social group moving into the neighborhood, and then profiting by reselling at a higher price.
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| Affordable Housing: | residential units that are economical for the section of society whose income is below the median household income
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| Rising crime rates | contributing factors include lack of job availability, less access to quality schools, and real or perceived lack of opportunity
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| Environmental injustice | disproportionate exposure to communities of color and the poor to pollution and its effects on health and the environment; includes lack of access to healthy food (deserts), inadequate transportation, unsafe neighborhoods with poor air and water quality.
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| Disamenity Zones | area located within the city characterized by slums and the homeless and in extreme cases are controlled by gangs
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| Zones of abandonment | areas with lack of jobs, declining land values and falling demand that cause people to leave and businesses to close
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| Squatter settlements | residential areas characterized by extreme poverty with shelters constructed of found materials that usually exist on land outside of cities that are neither owned or rented by its occupants with little or no access to necessary services.
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| Zone of Abandonment (Disamenity Zone) | The very poorest sectors of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services
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| Land Tenure | system regulating the rights to ownership and control and usage of land
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| Inclusionary Zoning | planning ordinances that provide affordable housing to people with low to moderate incomes
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| Local Food Movements | food that is produced within a short distance of where it is consumed, often accompanied by a social structure and supply chain different from the large-scale supermarket system
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| Urban Renewal | the redevelopment of areas within an urban area, typically neighborhoods in economic decline
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| Gentrification | the restoration of deteriorated urban areas by wealthier people who move into, renovate, and restore housing and sometimes businesses.
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| Gentrification Positives | New employment opportunities, improved housing, improved infrastructure, and increase in visitors/tourism
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| Gentrification Negatives | impact to existing groups, displaces poorer residents, disregards the needs and interests of vulnerable groups, disregards the lawful rights of vulnerable groups and disproportionately improves quality of life
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| Urban sustainability | The goal of improving the social and economic conditions of an increasingly urbanized population while maintaining environmental quality.
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| Suburban Sprawl | the spreading of developments (such as housing developments and shopping centers) into suburban or rural areas.
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| Brownfield | An Area that is contaminated and we aren't able to farm or build on it.
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| Ecological Footprint | measure of the human pressures on the natural environment from the consumption of renewable resources
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| Responses to the Challenges of Urban Sustainability | Regional planning efforts, remediation and Redevelopment of Brownfields, establishment of Urban Growth Boundaries, and farmland Protection Policies
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| World City | Dominant City in Terms of Economic Standing
EX: London,New York, Tokyo
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| Megalopolis | An extended Conurban Area, Consisting of Several Cities
EX:BosNYwash (the Area from BOSTON to NEW YORK to WASHINGTON DC) (Makes one major metropolitan area)
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| Alpha City | Primary Regional Nodes in the Global Economy (Similar to World Cities) (Important cities)
EX:New York, London, Hong Kong, Sydney
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| Beta City | Secondary Regional Nodes in the Global Economy (One Step Down from Alpha) (Kinda important)
Ex: Washington DC, Dallas, Berlin, Wuhan
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| Gamma City | Tertiary Regional Nodes in the Global Economy (One Step Down from Beta) (Not so important)
EX:Cleveland, St. Petersburg, Austin, St. Louis
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| Metropolitan area/cities | The area that surrounds a large city and are counted with the population of the city.
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| Gravity Model pt 2 | The greater the number of people in an area, the greater the number of potential customers for a service.
The farther people are from a particular service,the less likely they are to use it.
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