AP HUG UNIT 4
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| State | political unit with a permanent population and boundaries that are recognized by other states that allows for the administration of laws, collection of taxes, and provision of defense. (example: United States, Ghana, Australia, etc
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| Nation | people who think of themselves as one based on a shared sense of culture and history and who desire political autonomy. (French, German, Indian)
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| Nation-states | a state with a single nation (very few of these exist) (Example: Japan, Iceland, Armenia)
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| Stateless nations | a nation who do not have their own independent state
(example: Palestinians, Kurds, Hmong)
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| Multinational states | a state with two or more nations (most states) (example: France, USA, Mexico, China, Russia)
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| Multistate nations | a nation living across states. Can either have a state (Russia), a state divided in two (Korea), or be stateless (Kurds)
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| Autonomous region | an area which governs itself but is not an independent country -- Examples: Greenland (not for sale), Hong Kong
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| Semi-autonomous region | an area which can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern
Examples: Nunavut in Canada, Navajo Reservation in US
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| Sovereignty | final authority over a territory and the right to defend territorial integrity against incursion. ( right for a country to defend itself)
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| Self-Determination | the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government.
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| Independence movements | an area that believes it should be its own country
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| Devolution | the transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level. EX: Germany and other countries rebel against the Soviet Union.
States seperate
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| Choke point | a strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region (Panama Canal, Strait of Gibraltar) (suez canal) Europe and Britain used the canal to attack Egypt
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| Neocolonialism | gaining indirect control of another country through economic or cultural pressures (Example: After colonization- Africa continued to export raw materials- resulted in underdevelopment of economie) (USA to all European countries to keep them in democracy
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| Shatterbelt | a region caught between stronger colliding external forces, under persistent stress, often fragmented by aggressive rivals (Israel/Palestine)
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| Territoriality | the perceived connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land
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| Boundary | line that determines the limit of state jurisdiction that is a vertical plane that cuts through the subsoil and extends into the airspace above and often coincides with cultural, national, or economic divisions.
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| Relic | boundary that no longer exists as an international border but remnants of its existence remain. (Examples: Berlin Wall,North and South Vietnam)
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| Superimposed | boundary that is drawn by powerful outsiders (colonizers) and ignores existing cultural groups (Example: Africa)
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| Subsequent | boundary that evolves as the cultural landscape of an area takes shape and changes as cultural landscape changes.
(Examples: Ireland and Northern Ireland, Sudan and South Sudan)
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| Antecedent | boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in. (example: Mountains between Spain and France and Lakes between US and Canada)
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| Geometric | boundary that follows a straight line or arc (example: US and Canada - 49th parallel, North and South Korea 38th parallel)
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| Consequent | boundaries that coincide with cultural groups (example: India (Hinduism) and Pakistan (Islam)
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| Demilitarized zone | an area previously in conflict from which weapons and military forces have been removed (N&S Korea border)
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| The Berlin conference | was a meeting held in Berlin in 1884 and 1885 with the purpose of the European nations dividing Africa among them for colonization purposes with the intent of preventing conflict over the process.(when they drew the boundaries for Africa)
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| Maritime boundary | the extensions of a country's territory that extend into the oceans around them (FRQ possibly) (causes a lot of conflict with countries) (Picture in CED)
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| UNCLOS | established rights and responsibilities of states concerning ownership/usage of the seas and their resources.
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| Territorial Sea | zone of water adjacent to a state’s coast (12 miles) in which a state has sovereignty.
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| Median-Line Principle | an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the midpoint between two place
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| Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) | zone of water adjacent to the Contiguous Zone (200 miles) in which the state has a right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources.
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| South China Seas | China has built military installations on some disputed islands in the SCS.The SCS accounts for 10 percent of the world’s fisheries, making it a key source of food for hundreds of millions of people.
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| Voting District | subdivision for electing members to a legislative body.
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| Redistricting | when voting districts are redrawn due to changes in population.
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| Gerrymandering | redrawing voting district boundaries for the advantage of one group (Drawing boundaries to take advantage of a republic/democratic party)
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| Democracy | a form of government in which the ultimate power rests with the people through, usually through their elected representatives
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| Unitary state | a country where the national government is strong and the regional governments are weak (U.K., North Korea, France)
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| Federal state | a country where the national government is strong and the regional governments are also strong so the share power (United States, Canda, Russia)
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| Physical Geography | physical boundaries can cause devolution as it was historically hard for resources for states to maintain autonomy over difficult physical regions (Belgium and Basque)
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| Ethnic Separatism | mainly religion, language, or ethnicity related differences. (Quebec)
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| Ethnic Cleansing | the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society
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| Terrorism | violence against (typically) civilians for political reasons
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| Economic and Social Problems | economic or social strife can lead to the devolution and altering of states.
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| Irredentism | when a state wants to annex a territory whose population is ethnically similar (Russia with Crimea)
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| Democratization | introducing democratic systems or principles.
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| Economies of scale | political and/or economic alliance of three or more states that is formed for mutual benefit to promote shared goals or resolve disputes, but can limit the economic or political actions of member states creating a challenge to state sovereignty.
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| Trade agreements | treaty between two or more states who agree on trade, tariffs, taxes, and often include investment guarantees. (Example: NAFTA formed to eliminate tariffs between US, Canada, and Mexico)
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| Military alliance | alliance between two or more states who agree on mutual protection and support in case of a crisis. (Example: NATO formed to defend against threats by communist countries after WWII.)
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| Centripetal Force | Force or attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for the state
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| Centrifugal Force- Political | majority/minority relationships, armed conflicts
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| Centrifugal Force-Economic | Uneven development
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| Centrifugal Force-Cultural | stateless nations, ethnic movements
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| Centrifugal Force | Force or attitude that divides the state
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| Centripetal Force-Political | national identity, 4th of July
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| Centripetal Force-Economic | equitable infrastructure development
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| Centripetal Force-Cultural | linguistic, religious, and ethnic similarities
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| Supranationalism | political and/or economic alliance of three or more states that is formed for mutual benefit to promote shared goals or resolve disputes, but can limit the economic or political actions of member states creating a challenge to state sovereignty.
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| Nato | USA made Nato to unite countries to protect themselves from the USSR (Soviet Union)
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| Causes of Devolution | - ethnic separatism (religion, language, ethnicity) centrifugal forces
- economic and social issues
terrorism
- irredentism , ethnic cleansing
- physical geography
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