Anatomy and Physiology vocabulary A-C
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| To move away from the midline of the body | abduct
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| localized accumulation of pus adn disintegrating tissue | abscess
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| period following stimulation during which no additional action potential can be evoked | absolute refractory period
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| process by which the products of digestion pass through the alimentary tube mucosa into the blood or lymph | absorption
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| organs that contribute to the digestive process but are not part of the alimenatry canal; include tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder | accessory digestive organs
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| the process of increasing the refractive power of the lens of teh eye; focusing | accommodation
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| cuplike cavity on lateral surface of hipbone that received the femur | acetabulum
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| chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve cells | acetylcholine
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| proton donor; substance capable of releasing hydrogen ions in solution | acid
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| situation in which the pH of the blood is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45 | acid-base balance
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| state of abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid | acidosis
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| a contractile protein of muscle | actin
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| a large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber | action potentialw
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| energy required to push reactants to the level necessary for interaction | activation energy
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| immunity producted by an1 encounter with an antigen; provides immunologic memory | active immunity
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| membrane transport processes for which ATP is provided; e.g. solute pumping and endocytosis | active transport
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| any change in structure or response to suit a new environment | adaptation
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| decline in the transmission of a sensory nerve when a receptor is stimulated continuously and without change in stimulus strength | adaptation
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| to move toward the midline of the body | adduct
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| anterior pituitary; the glandular part of the pituitary gland | adenohypophysis
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| pharyngeal tonsils | adenoids
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| organic molecule that stores and relases chemical energy for use in body cells | ATP
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| hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys; consists of medulla and cortex areas | adrenal glands
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| nerve fibers that release norepinephrine | adrenergic fibers
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| anterior pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex | ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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| outermost layer or covering of an organ | adventitia
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| carrying to or toward a center | afferent
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| nerve cell that carries impulses toward the central nervous system | afferent neuron
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| clumping of (foreign) cells | agglutination
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| induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes | agglutination
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| the most abundant plasma protein | albumin
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| hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium ion reabsorption | aldosterone
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| continuous hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus | alimenatry canal
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| oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine construct its walls | alimentary canal
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| state of abnormally low hydroen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid | alkalosis
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| embryonic membrane; its blood vessels develop into blood vessels of the umbilical cord | allantois
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| hypersensitive immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen | allergy
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| one of the microscopic air sacs of the lungs | alveolus
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| organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block fo protein | amino acid
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| a common form of fetal testing in which a small sample of fluid is removed from the amniotic cavity | amniocentesis
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| fetal membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac around the embryo | amnion
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| process by which some cells move through tissue spaces by forming flowing cytoplasmic extensions that help them move along | amoeboid movement
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| a slightly movable joint | amphiarthrosis
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| a localized dilation of a canal or duct | ampulla
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| energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances | anabolism
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| a type of immediate hypersensitivity that is triggered when allergen molecules crosslink to IgE antibodies attached to mast cells or basophils causing the release of inflammatory substances | anaphylaxis
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| a union or joining of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics | anastomosis
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| a hormone that controls male secondary sex characteristics, such as testosterone | androgen
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| reduced oxygen-carrying ability of blood resulting from too few erythrocytes or abnormal hemoglobin | anemia
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| blood-filled sac in an artery wall caused by dilation or weakening of the wall | aneurysm
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| severe surffocating chest pain caused by brief lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle | angina pectoris
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| a potent vasoconstrictor activated by renin; also trigger release of aldosterone | angiotensin II
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| an ion carrying one or more negative chrages and therefore attracted to a positive pole | anion
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| deficiency of oxygen | anoxia
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| muscle that reverses or opposes the action of another muscle | antagonist
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| the front of an orgamism, organ or part (the ventral surface) | anterior
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| adenohypophysis | anterior pituitary
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| a protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell (a daughter cell of an activated B lymphocyte) and that binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin | antibody
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| hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulated the kidneys to reabsorb more water | ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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| a substance or part of a substance (living or nonliving) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system, activated the immune system, and reacts with immune cells or their products | antigen
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| receptor in the aortic arch sensitive to changing oxygen, cargon dioxide, and pH levels of the blood | aortic body
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| the less numerous type of sweat gland; produces a secretion containing water, salts, proteins, and fatty acids | apocrine gland
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| fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves | aponeurosis
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| watery fluid in the anterior chambers of the eye | aqueous humor
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| weblike middle layer of the three meninges | arachnoid
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| tiny, smooth muslces attached to hair follicles; cause the hair to stand upright when activated | arrector pili
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| irregular heart rhythm caused by defects in the intrinsic conduction system | arrhythmia
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| any of a number of proliferative and degenerative changes in the arteris leading to their decreased elasticity | arteriosclerosis
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| double-layered capsule composed of an outer fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane; encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint | articular capsule
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| joint; point where two bones meet | articulation
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| a condition in which unequal curvatures in different parts of the lens (or cornea) of the eye lead to blurred vision | astigmatism
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| disruption of muscle coordination resulting in anaccurate movements | ataxia
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| changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls; the early stage of arteriosclerosis | atherosclerosis
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| sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom | atomic mass number
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| number of protons in an atom | atomic number
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| average of the mass numbers of all of the isotopes of an element | atomic weight
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| a hormone released by certain cells of the heart atria that reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and Na+ and water retention | atrial natriuretic factor
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| bundle of specialized fibers that conduct impulses from the AV node to the right and left ventricles; also called bundle of His | AV bundle (atrioventricular bundle
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| specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart | AV node (atrioventricular node)
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| reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use | atrophy
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| the three tiny bones serving as transmitters of vibrations and located within the middle ear; the malleus, incus, and stapes | auditory ossicles
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| tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx | auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
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| production of antibodies or effector T cells that attack a person's own tissue | autoimmune response
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| efferent division of the peripehral nervous system that innervates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands | automic nervous system (involuntary of visceral motor system)
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| the automatic adjustment of blood flow to a particular body area in respose to its current requirements | autoregulation
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| chromosomes number 1 to 22; do not include the sex chromosomes | autosomes
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| lymphocytes that oversee humoral immunity; their descendants differentiate into antibody producing plasma cells | B cells (B lymphocytes)
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| pressoreceptor; receptor that is stimulated by pressure changes | baroreceptor
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| rate at which energy is expnded (heat produced) by the body per unit time under controlled (basal) conditions: 12 hours after a meal, at rest | BMR (basal metabolic rate)
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| gray mater areas located deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres | basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
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| proton acceptor; substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions | base
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| extracellular material consisting of a basal lamina secreted by epithelial cells and a reticular lamina secreted by underlying connective tissue cells | basement membrane
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| white blood cell whose granules stain deep blue with basic dye; has a relatively pale nucleus | basophil
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| greenish-yellow fluid produced in and secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine | bile
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| red pigment of bile | bilirubin
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| class of neurotransmitters, including catecholamines and indolamines | biogenic amines
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| neuron with axon and dendrite that extend from opposite sides of the body | bipolar neuron
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| stage of early embryonic development; the product of cleavage | blastocyst
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| mechanism that inhibits passage of materials from the blood into brain tissues; reflects a relative impermeability of brain capillaries | blood-brain barrier
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| amount of blood flowing through a vessel or organ at a particular time | blood flow
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| force exerted by blood against a unit area of the blood vessel walls; difference in blood pressure between different areas of the circulation provide the driving force for blood circuation | blood pressure
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| process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal and mechanical factors | bone remodeling
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| bones that form the freamework of the thorax; includes sternum ribs and thoracic vertebrae | bony thorax
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| Glomerular capsule | bowman's capsule
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| a heart rate below 50 beats per minute | bradycardia
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| collectively the midbrain, pons, and medulla of the brain | brain stem
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| fluid-filled cavity of the brain | brain ventricle
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| patterns of electirical activity of the neurons of the brain, recordable with an electroencephalograph | brain waves
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| an indention of the surface ectoderm in the embryo; the external auditory canals develop from these | branchial groove
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| one of the two large branches of the trachea that leads to the lungs | bronchus
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| chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions | buffer
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| a fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synoval fluid; occurs between bones and muscle tendons (or other structures), where it acts to decrease friction during movement | bursa
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| tendon that attaches the calf muscles to the heelbone (calcaneus) | Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
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| hormone released by the thyroid that promotes a decrease in calcium levels of the blood | calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)
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| amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 garm of water 1 degre Celsius | calorie
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| a cuplike extension of the pelvis of the kidney | calyx
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| extremely small tubular passage or channel | canaliculus
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| a malignant invasive cellular neoplasm that has the capability of spreading throughout the body or body parts | cancer
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| proposed mechanism of B cell activation in which multivalent antigens bind to several adjacent receptors on a B lymphocyte and pull them into a continuous cluster | capping
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| enzyme that facilitates the combination of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid | carbonic anhydrase
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| cancer-causing agent | carcinogen
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| sequence of events encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart | cardiac cycle
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| amount of blood pumpled out of a ventricle in one minute | cardiac output
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| a receptor in the common carotid artery sensitive to changing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels of the blood | carotid body
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| a dilation of a common carotid artery; involved in regulation of system blood pressure | carotid sinus
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| white semiopaque connective tissue | cartilage
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| epinephrine and norepinephrine | catecholamines
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| the blind-end pouch at the beginning of the large intestine | cecum
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| immunity conferred by activated T cells, which directly lyse infected or cancerous body cells or cells of foreign grafts and release chemicals that regulate the immune response | cell-mediated immune response
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| metabolic processes in which ATP is produced | cellular respiration
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| a fibrous carbohydrate that is the main structural component of plant tissues | cellulose
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| the canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of the ostocytes | Haversian canal (Central canal)
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| minute body found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division | Centriole
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| a region near the nucleus which contains paired organelles called centrioles | centrosome (cell center)
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| brain region most involved in producing smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle activity | cerebellum
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| the slender cavity of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles | Aqueduct of Sylvius (cerebral aqueduct)
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| the outer gray matter region of the cerebral hemispheres | cerebral cortex
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| designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language | cerebral dominance
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| plasmalike fluid that fills the cavities of the CNS and surrounds the CNS externally | cerebrospinal fluid
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| the cerebral hemispheres and the structures of the diencephalon | cerebrum
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| an energy relationship holding atoms together; involves the interaction of the electrons | chemical bond
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| energy stored in the bonds of chemicals | chemical energy
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| process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down | chemical reaction
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| receptors sensitive to various chemicals in solution | chemoreceptor
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| movement of a cell, organism, or part of an organism toward or away from a chemical substance | chemotaxis
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| an intestinal hormone that stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic juice release | Cholecystokinin (CKK)
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| steroid found in animal fats as well as in most body tissues, made by the liver | cholesterol
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| nerve endings that upon stimulation, release acetylcholine | cholinergic fibers
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| actively mitotic cell form of cartilage | chondroblast
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| mature cell form of cartilage | chondrocyte
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| outermost fetal membrane; helps form the placenta | chorion
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| fetal testing procedure in which bits of the chorionic villi from the placenta are snipped off and the cells karyotyped. This procedure can be done as early as 8 weeks into the pregnancy | chorionic villi sampling
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| the vascular middle tunic of the eye | choroid
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| a capillary knot that protrudes into a brain ventricle; involved in forming cerebrospinal fluid | choroid plexus
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| structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factos (genes) | chromatin
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| barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division | chromosomes
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| semifluid, creamy mass consisting of partially digested food and gastric juice | chyme
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| tiny, hairlike projections of cell surfaces that move in a wavelike manner | cilia
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| an arterial anastomosis at the base of the brain | Circle of Willis
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| movement of a body part so that it outlines a cone in space | circumduction
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| an enlarged sac at the base of the thoracic duct; the origin of the thoracic duct | Cisterna chyli
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| an early embryonic phase consisting of rapid mitotic cell divisions without intervening growth periods; product is a blastocyst | cleavage
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| process during which a B cell or T cell becomes sensitized through binding contact with an antigen | clonal selection
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| descendants of a single cell | clone
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| snail-shaped chamber of the bony labyrinth that houses the receptor for hearing | Cochlea (the organ of Corti)
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| Ventral body cavity | Coelom
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| nonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme, typically a vitamin | coenzyme
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| metal ion or organic molecule that is required for enzyme activity | cofactor
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| the most abundant of the three fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue; contructed primarily of the fibrous protein collagen | collagen fibers
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| a mixture in which the solute particles do not settle out readily and do not pass through natural membranes | colloid
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| pressure created in a fluid by large nondiffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins that are prevented from moving through a (capillary) membrane. Such substances tend to draw water to them | colloidal osmotic pressure
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| a group of blood-borne proteins, which, when activated enhance the inflammatory and immune responses and may lead to cell lysis | complement
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| clinical test that includes a hematocrit, counts of all formed elements and clotting factors, and other indicators of normal blood function | CBC (complete blood count)
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| substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united | compound
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| ability to transmit an electrical impulse | conductivity
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| one of the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye; provide for color vision | cones
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| existing at birth | congenital
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| condition in which the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs | congestive heart failure
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| thin, protective mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior surface of the eye itself | conjunctiva
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| a primary tissue; form and function vary extensively; functions include: support, storage, and protection | connective tissue
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| opposite; acting in unison with a similar part on the opposite side of the body | contralateral
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| brain injury in which marked tissue destruction results. Severe brain stem contusions always result in unconsciousness | contusion
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| turning toward a common point from different directions | convergence
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| arrangement of elongated follicle cells around a mature ovum | corona radiata
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| crownlike arrangement of nerve fibers radiating from the internal capsule of the brain to every part of the cerebral cortex | corona radiata
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| outer surface layer of an organ | cortex
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| steroid hormones released by the adrenal cortex | corticosteroids
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| glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex | cortisol
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| chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms | covalent bond
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| the 12 nerve pairs that arise from the brain | cranial nerves
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| compound that serves as an alternative energy source for muscle tissue | creatine phosphate
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| a nitrogenous waste molecule which is not reabsorbed by the kidney; this characteristic makes it useful for measurement of the GFR and glomerular function | creatinine
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| sensory receptor organ within the ampulla of each semicircular canal of the inner ear; dynamic equilibrium receptor | crista ampullaris
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| important intracellular second messenger that mediates hormonal effects; formed from ATP by the action of adenylate cyclase, an enzyme associated with the plasma membrane | cyclic AMP
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| brightly colored iron-containing proteins that form part of the inner mitochondrial membrane and function as electron carriers in oxidative physphorylation | cytochromes
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| division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided | cytokinesis
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| the cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane | cytoplasm
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| effector T cell that directly kills (lyses) foreign cells, cancer cells, or virus-infected body cells | Cytotoxic T cell (killer T cell)
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