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AP dictionary A-C
Anatomy and Physiology vocabulary A-C
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| To move away from the midline of the body | abduct |
| localized accumulation of pus adn disintegrating tissue | abscess |
| period following stimulation during which no additional action potential can be evoked | absolute refractory period |
| process by which the products of digestion pass through the alimentary tube mucosa into the blood or lymph | absorption |
| organs that contribute to the digestive process but are not part of the alimenatry canal; include tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder | accessory digestive organs |
| the process of increasing the refractive power of the lens of teh eye; focusing | accommodation |
| cuplike cavity on lateral surface of hipbone that received the femur | acetabulum |
| chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve cells | acetylcholine |
| proton donor; substance capable of releasing hydrogen ions in solution | acid |
| situation in which the pH of the blood is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45 | acid-base balance |
| state of abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid | acidosis |
| a contractile protein of muscle | actin |
| a large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber | action potentialw |
| energy required to push reactants to the level necessary for interaction | activation energy |
| immunity producted by an1 encounter with an antigen; provides immunologic memory | active immunity |
| membrane transport processes for which ATP is provided; e.g. solute pumping and endocytosis | active transport |
| any change in structure or response to suit a new environment | adaptation |
| decline in the transmission of a sensory nerve when a receptor is stimulated continuously and without change in stimulus strength | adaptation |
| to move toward the midline of the body | adduct |
| anterior pituitary; the glandular part of the pituitary gland | adenohypophysis |
| pharyngeal tonsils | adenoids |
| organic molecule that stores and relases chemical energy for use in body cells | ATP |
| hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys; consists of medulla and cortex areas | adrenal glands |
| nerve fibers that release norepinephrine | adrenergic fibers |
| anterior pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex | ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
| outermost layer or covering of an organ | adventitia |
| carrying to or toward a center | afferent |
| nerve cell that carries impulses toward the central nervous system | afferent neuron |
| clumping of (foreign) cells | agglutination |
| induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes | agglutination |
| the most abundant plasma protein | albumin |
| hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium ion reabsorption | aldosterone |
| continuous hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus | alimenatry canal |
| oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine construct its walls | alimentary canal |
| state of abnormally low hydroen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid | alkalosis |
| embryonic membrane; its blood vessels develop into blood vessels of the umbilical cord | allantois |
| hypersensitive immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen | allergy |
| one of the microscopic air sacs of the lungs | alveolus |
| organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block fo protein | amino acid |
| a common form of fetal testing in which a small sample of fluid is removed from the amniotic cavity | amniocentesis |
| fetal membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac around the embryo | amnion |
| process by which some cells move through tissue spaces by forming flowing cytoplasmic extensions that help them move along | amoeboid movement |
| a slightly movable joint | amphiarthrosis |
| a localized dilation of a canal or duct | ampulla |
| energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances | anabolism |
| a type of immediate hypersensitivity that is triggered when allergen molecules crosslink to IgE antibodies attached to mast cells or basophils causing the release of inflammatory substances | anaphylaxis |
| a union or joining of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics | anastomosis |
| a hormone that controls male secondary sex characteristics, such as testosterone | androgen |
| reduced oxygen-carrying ability of blood resulting from too few erythrocytes or abnormal hemoglobin | anemia |
| blood-filled sac in an artery wall caused by dilation or weakening of the wall | aneurysm |
| severe surffocating chest pain caused by brief lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle | angina pectoris |
| a potent vasoconstrictor activated by renin; also trigger release of aldosterone | angiotensin II |
| an ion carrying one or more negative chrages and therefore attracted to a positive pole | anion |
| deficiency of oxygen | anoxia |
| muscle that reverses or opposes the action of another muscle | antagonist |
| the front of an orgamism, organ or part (the ventral surface) | anterior |
| adenohypophysis | anterior pituitary |
| a protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell (a daughter cell of an activated B lymphocyte) and that binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin | antibody |
| hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulated the kidneys to reabsorb more water | ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
| a substance or part of a substance (living or nonliving) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system, activated the immune system, and reacts with immune cells or their products | antigen |
| receptor in the aortic arch sensitive to changing oxygen, cargon dioxide, and pH levels of the blood | aortic body |
| the less numerous type of sweat gland; produces a secretion containing water, salts, proteins, and fatty acids | apocrine gland |
| fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves | aponeurosis |
| watery fluid in the anterior chambers of the eye | aqueous humor |
| weblike middle layer of the three meninges | arachnoid |
| tiny, smooth muslces attached to hair follicles; cause the hair to stand upright when activated | arrector pili |
| irregular heart rhythm caused by defects in the intrinsic conduction system | arrhythmia |
| any of a number of proliferative and degenerative changes in the arteris leading to their decreased elasticity | arteriosclerosis |
| double-layered capsule composed of an outer fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane; encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint | articular capsule |
| joint; point where two bones meet | articulation |
| a condition in which unequal curvatures in different parts of the lens (or cornea) of the eye lead to blurred vision | astigmatism |
| disruption of muscle coordination resulting in anaccurate movements | ataxia |
| changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls; the early stage of arteriosclerosis | atherosclerosis |
| sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom | atomic mass number |
| number of protons in an atom | atomic number |
| average of the mass numbers of all of the isotopes of an element | atomic weight |
| a hormone released by certain cells of the heart atria that reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and Na+ and water retention | atrial natriuretic factor |
| bundle of specialized fibers that conduct impulses from the AV node to the right and left ventricles; also called bundle of His | AV bundle (atrioventricular bundle |
| specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart | AV node (atrioventricular node) |
| reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use | atrophy |
| the three tiny bones serving as transmitters of vibrations and located within the middle ear; the malleus, incus, and stapes | auditory ossicles |
| tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx | auditory tube (Eustachian tube) |
| production of antibodies or effector T cells that attack a person's own tissue | autoimmune response |
| efferent division of the peripehral nervous system that innervates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands | automic nervous system (involuntary of visceral motor system) |
| the automatic adjustment of blood flow to a particular body area in respose to its current requirements | autoregulation |
| chromosomes number 1 to 22; do not include the sex chromosomes | autosomes |
| lymphocytes that oversee humoral immunity; their descendants differentiate into antibody producing plasma cells | B cells (B lymphocytes) |
| pressoreceptor; receptor that is stimulated by pressure changes | baroreceptor |
| rate at which energy is expnded (heat produced) by the body per unit time under controlled (basal) conditions: 12 hours after a meal, at rest | BMR (basal metabolic rate) |
| gray mater areas located deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres | basal nuclei (basal ganglia) |
| proton acceptor; substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions | base |
| extracellular material consisting of a basal lamina secreted by epithelial cells and a reticular lamina secreted by underlying connective tissue cells | basement membrane |
| white blood cell whose granules stain deep blue with basic dye; has a relatively pale nucleus | basophil |
| greenish-yellow fluid produced in and secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine | bile |
| red pigment of bile | bilirubin |
| class of neurotransmitters, including catecholamines and indolamines | biogenic amines |
| neuron with axon and dendrite that extend from opposite sides of the body | bipolar neuron |
| stage of early embryonic development; the product of cleavage | blastocyst |
| mechanism that inhibits passage of materials from the blood into brain tissues; reflects a relative impermeability of brain capillaries | blood-brain barrier |
| amount of blood flowing through a vessel or organ at a particular time | blood flow |
| force exerted by blood against a unit area of the blood vessel walls; difference in blood pressure between different areas of the circulation provide the driving force for blood circuation | blood pressure |
| process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal and mechanical factors | bone remodeling |
| bones that form the freamework of the thorax; includes sternum ribs and thoracic vertebrae | bony thorax |
| Glomerular capsule | bowman's capsule |
| a heart rate below 50 beats per minute | bradycardia |
| collectively the midbrain, pons, and medulla of the brain | brain stem |
| fluid-filled cavity of the brain | brain ventricle |
| patterns of electirical activity of the neurons of the brain, recordable with an electroencephalograph | brain waves |
| an indention of the surface ectoderm in the embryo; the external auditory canals develop from these | branchial groove |
| one of the two large branches of the trachea that leads to the lungs | bronchus |
| chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions | buffer |
| a fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synoval fluid; occurs between bones and muscle tendons (or other structures), where it acts to decrease friction during movement | bursa |
| tendon that attaches the calf muscles to the heelbone (calcaneus) | Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) |
| hormone released by the thyroid that promotes a decrease in calcium levels of the blood | calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin) |
| amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 garm of water 1 degre Celsius | calorie |
| a cuplike extension of the pelvis of the kidney | calyx |
| extremely small tubular passage or channel | canaliculus |
| a malignant invasive cellular neoplasm that has the capability of spreading throughout the body or body parts | cancer |
| proposed mechanism of B cell activation in which multivalent antigens bind to several adjacent receptors on a B lymphocyte and pull them into a continuous cluster | capping |
| enzyme that facilitates the combination of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid | carbonic anhydrase |
| cancer-causing agent | carcinogen |
| sequence of events encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart | cardiac cycle |
| amount of blood pumpled out of a ventricle in one minute | cardiac output |
| a receptor in the common carotid artery sensitive to changing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels of the blood | carotid body |
| a dilation of a common carotid artery; involved in regulation of system blood pressure | carotid sinus |
| white semiopaque connective tissue | cartilage |
| epinephrine and norepinephrine | catecholamines |
| the blind-end pouch at the beginning of the large intestine | cecum |
| immunity conferred by activated T cells, which directly lyse infected or cancerous body cells or cells of foreign grafts and release chemicals that regulate the immune response | cell-mediated immune response |
| metabolic processes in which ATP is produced | cellular respiration |
| a fibrous carbohydrate that is the main structural component of plant tissues | cellulose |
| the canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of the ostocytes | Haversian canal (Central canal) |
| minute body found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division | Centriole |
| a region near the nucleus which contains paired organelles called centrioles | centrosome (cell center) |
| brain region most involved in producing smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle activity | cerebellum |
| the slender cavity of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles | Aqueduct of Sylvius (cerebral aqueduct) |
| the outer gray matter region of the cerebral hemispheres | cerebral cortex |
| designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language | cerebral dominance |
| plasmalike fluid that fills the cavities of the CNS and surrounds the CNS externally | cerebrospinal fluid |
| the cerebral hemispheres and the structures of the diencephalon | cerebrum |
| an energy relationship holding atoms together; involves the interaction of the electrons | chemical bond |
| energy stored in the bonds of chemicals | chemical energy |
| process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down | chemical reaction |
| receptors sensitive to various chemicals in solution | chemoreceptor |
| movement of a cell, organism, or part of an organism toward or away from a chemical substance | chemotaxis |
| an intestinal hormone that stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic juice release | Cholecystokinin (CKK) |
| steroid found in animal fats as well as in most body tissues, made by the liver | cholesterol |
| nerve endings that upon stimulation, release acetylcholine | cholinergic fibers |
| actively mitotic cell form of cartilage | chondroblast |
| mature cell form of cartilage | chondrocyte |
| outermost fetal membrane; helps form the placenta | chorion |
| fetal testing procedure in which bits of the chorionic villi from the placenta are snipped off and the cells karyotyped. This procedure can be done as early as 8 weeks into the pregnancy | chorionic villi sampling |
| the vascular middle tunic of the eye | choroid |
| a capillary knot that protrudes into a brain ventricle; involved in forming cerebrospinal fluid | choroid plexus |
| structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factos (genes) | chromatin |
| barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division | chromosomes |
| semifluid, creamy mass consisting of partially digested food and gastric juice | chyme |
| tiny, hairlike projections of cell surfaces that move in a wavelike manner | cilia |
| an arterial anastomosis at the base of the brain | Circle of Willis |
| movement of a body part so that it outlines a cone in space | circumduction |
| an enlarged sac at the base of the thoracic duct; the origin of the thoracic duct | Cisterna chyli |
| an early embryonic phase consisting of rapid mitotic cell divisions without intervening growth periods; product is a blastocyst | cleavage |
| process during which a B cell or T cell becomes sensitized through binding contact with an antigen | clonal selection |
| descendants of a single cell | clone |
| snail-shaped chamber of the bony labyrinth that houses the receptor for hearing | Cochlea (the organ of Corti) |
| Ventral body cavity | Coelom |
| nonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme, typically a vitamin | coenzyme |
| metal ion or organic molecule that is required for enzyme activity | cofactor |
| the most abundant of the three fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue; contructed primarily of the fibrous protein collagen | collagen fibers |
| a mixture in which the solute particles do not settle out readily and do not pass through natural membranes | colloid |
| pressure created in a fluid by large nondiffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins that are prevented from moving through a (capillary) membrane. Such substances tend to draw water to them | colloidal osmotic pressure |
| a group of blood-borne proteins, which, when activated enhance the inflammatory and immune responses and may lead to cell lysis | complement |
| clinical test that includes a hematocrit, counts of all formed elements and clotting factors, and other indicators of normal blood function | CBC (complete blood count) |
| substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united | compound |
| ability to transmit an electrical impulse | conductivity |
| one of the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye; provide for color vision | cones |
| existing at birth | congenital |
| condition in which the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs | congestive heart failure |
| thin, protective mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior surface of the eye itself | conjunctiva |
| a primary tissue; form and function vary extensively; functions include: support, storage, and protection | connective tissue |
| opposite; acting in unison with a similar part on the opposite side of the body | contralateral |
| brain injury in which marked tissue destruction results. Severe brain stem contusions always result in unconsciousness | contusion |
| turning toward a common point from different directions | convergence |
| arrangement of elongated follicle cells around a mature ovum | corona radiata |
| crownlike arrangement of nerve fibers radiating from the internal capsule of the brain to every part of the cerebral cortex | corona radiata |
| outer surface layer of an organ | cortex |
| steroid hormones released by the adrenal cortex | corticosteroids |
| glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex | cortisol |
| chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms | covalent bond |
| the 12 nerve pairs that arise from the brain | cranial nerves |
| compound that serves as an alternative energy source for muscle tissue | creatine phosphate |
| a nitrogenous waste molecule which is not reabsorbed by the kidney; this characteristic makes it useful for measurement of the GFR and glomerular function | creatinine |
| sensory receptor organ within the ampulla of each semicircular canal of the inner ear; dynamic equilibrium receptor | crista ampullaris |
| important intracellular second messenger that mediates hormonal effects; formed from ATP by the action of adenylate cyclase, an enzyme associated with the plasma membrane | cyclic AMP |
| brightly colored iron-containing proteins that form part of the inner mitochondrial membrane and function as electron carriers in oxidative physphorylation | cytochromes |
| division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided | cytokinesis |
| the cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane | cytoplasm |
| effector T cell that directly kills (lyses) foreign cells, cancer cells, or virus-infected body cells | Cytotoxic T cell (killer T cell) |
Created by:
Lorri
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