muscular system
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| zygomaticus major | O/zygomatic bone | I/skin at angle of mouth and orbicularis orbis
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| masseter | O/maxilla and zygomatic arch | I/angle and ramus of mandible
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| sternocleidomastoid | O/sternum and clavicle | I/mastoid process of temporal bone
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| pectoralis major | O/clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages of the second to sixth ribs | I/greater tubercle and lateral lip of the intertubular sulcus of humerus
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| deltoid | O/acromial extremity of clavicle (anterior fibers), acromion of scapula (lateral fibers), and spine of scapula (posterior fibers) | I/deltoid tuberosity of humerus
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| action of the zygomaticus major | draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally, as in smiling
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| action of the masseter | elevates mandible, as in closing mouth
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| action of the sternocleidomastoid | acting together (bilaterally), flex cervical portion of vertebral column, flex head; acting singly (unilaterally), laterally extend and rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle
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| action of the pectoralis major | as a whole, adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint; clavicular head flexes arm
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| action of the deltoid | lateral fibers abduct arm at shoulder joint; anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint
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| biceps brachii | O/long head: tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula; short head: coracoid process of scapula | I/radial tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeurosis
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| action of the biceps brachii | flexes forearm at elbow joint, supinates forearm at radioulnar joints, and flexes arm at shoulder joint
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| pronator teres | O/medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna | I/midlateral surface of radius
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| action of the pronator teres | pronates forearm at radioulnar joints and weakly flexes forearm at elbow joint
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| flexor carpi radialis | O/medial epicondyle of humerus | I/second and third metacarpals
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| action of the flexor carpi radialis | flexes and abducts hand (radial deviation) at wrist joint
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| psoas major | O/transverse processes and bodies of lubar vertebrae | I/with iliacus into lesser trochanter of femur
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| action of the psoas major | psoas major and iliacus muscles acting together flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, and flex trunk on hip as in sitting up from supine position
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| gluteus maximus | O/ileac crest, sacrum, coccyx, and aponeurosis of sacrospinalis | I/iliotibial crest of fascia lata and lateral part of linea aspera (gluteal tuberosity) under greater trochanter of femur
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| action of the gluteus maximus | extends thigh at hip joint and laterally rotates thigh
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| gluteus medius | O/ileum | I/greater trochanter of femur
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| action of the gluteus medius | abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh
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| rectus femoris | [part of the quadriceps femoris] O/anterior inferior ileac spine | I/patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
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| action of the rectus femoris | extends leg at knee joint; flexes thigh at hip joint
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| semimembranosus | O/ischial tuberosity | I/medial condyle of tibia
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| action of the semimembranosus | flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint
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| gastrocnemius | O/lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee | I/calcaneus by way of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
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| action of the gastrocnemius | plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and flexes leg at knee joint
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| belly | the fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons
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| origin | the attachment of a muscle's tendon to the stationary bone
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| insertion | the attachment of a muscle's tendon to movable bone [the origin is usually proximal and the insertion is usually distal]
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| prime mover, aka agonist | a muscle that causes a desired action
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| antagonist | a muscle that relaxes as the agonist contracts; stretches and yields to the movement of the agonist
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| synergists | muscles that contract and stabilize the intermediate joints when an agonist is acting on a joint that is multiple joints away from the agonist's origin [e.g., stabilizing wrist when certain muscles with origins high up the arm act on the fingers
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| action of the frontalis (occipitofrontalis frontal belly) | raises eyebrow, wrinkles forehead
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| action of the orbicularis orbis | closes and protrudes lips
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| action of the orbicularis oculi | closes eye
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| action of the temporalis | elevates mandible
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| action of the rectus abdominis | compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column
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| action of the external oblique | unilaterally: rotates vertebral column || bilaterally: compress abdomen and flex verterbral column
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| action of the erector spinae | extends vertebral column
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| action of the diaphragm | increases size of thoracic cavity for inspiration
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| action of the external intercostals | elevates ribs for inspiration
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| action of the internal intercostals | depresses ribs for expiration
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| action of the pectoralis major | pulls scapula anteriorly and downward
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| action of the serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| action of the trapezius | elevates, depresses, and adducts scapula || extends neck (moves head back)
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| action of the latissimus dorsi | extends and adducts arm at shoulder; depresses shoulder
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| action of the teres major | extends and adducts arm at shoulder
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| action of the triceps brachii | extends forearm at elbow
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| action of the supinator | supinates forearm
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| action of the flexor digitorum superficialis | flexes fingers
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| action of the extensor digitorum | extends fingers
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| action of the extensor carpi ulnaris | extends and adducts wrist
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| action of the iliacus | flexes hip, flexes vertebral column
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| action of the adductor longus | flexes and adducts hip
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| action of the gracilis | adducts hip, flexes knee
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| action of the vastus lateralis | extends knee
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| action of the vastus medialis | extends knee
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| action of the vastus intermedius | extends knee
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| action of the sartorius | flexes hip and knee; laterally rotates hip
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| action of the biceps femoris | extends hip, flexes knee
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| action of the semitendinosus | extends hip, flexes knee
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| action of the tibialis anterior | dorsiflexion and inversion of foot at ankle
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