Endocrine Terms to Help Mary
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| What are three ways hormone release is controlled? | 1 - Negative Feedback; 2 - Tropic; 3 - Nervous Stimulation
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| What does negative feedback mean? | Hormone levels are controlled by increases & decreases in body conditions. Ex: Islets of Langerhans secrates insulin, this decreases glucose. Decreased glucose caused decreased insulin.
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| What does tropic hormones mean? | When one hormone is secreted in response to others hormones. Ex: TSH from the anterior pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin.
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| What does nervous stimulation mean? | A nerve stimulas causes the gland to secrete its hormone. Ex: The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stimulation by sympathertic nerves.
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| Define endocrine - | group of cells that manufacture and secrete hormones / chemicals directly into the blood NO DUCKS
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| Define exocrine - | Secrete chemicals out of ducts or tubes
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| Define infundibulum - | Stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary.
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| Iodine is neccessary for what? | The formation of T-3 & T-4
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| What is the function of calcium? | 1 - Normal neuro activity; 2 - Strong bones and teeth; 3 - Coagulation
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| Describe the Pituitary Gland - (also called Hypophysis) | Small, Pea Shaped Gland located at the base of the brain
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| What are the two lobes of the ptuitary called? | Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) and Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
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| Main hormone of the Pituitary is what? | GH or Growth Hormone
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| Hypersecretion of GH causes what? (Congenital) | Gigantism; Symptoms include Rapid long bone growth
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| Hyposecretion of GH causes what? (Congenital) | Dwarfism; Symptoms include delayed long bone growth
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| Hypersecretion of GH that is not congenital (Found after Adulthood) causes what? | Acromegaly; symptoms include Enlargement of hands, feet and jaw
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| What does ADH stand for? | Anti Diuretic Hormone
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| Hypersecretion of ADH (Anti Diurectic Hormone) causes what? | IADH; (Inapropitate Anti Diurectic Hormone) Water retension - Symptoms include Increased BP - Increased WT - Edema (Fluid retension) -Sodium retention
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| Hyposecretion of ADH causes what? | Diabetes Insipidus; Symptoms include Polyuria - Polydipsia (Excessive fluid & sodium loss)
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| Describe the thyroid. | Bow-tie shaped gland located on the ventral aspect of the trachea
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| What is the name of the band that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland? | isthmus
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| Hypersecretion of T-3 & T -4 causes what? | Increased medabolic rate; - WT lose; - Increased vital signs; Tachycardia; - Shaky; - Twitching; - Spasm; - Tetany
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| What are the names of the diseases associated with hypesecretion of T - 3 & T - 4? | Exophthalmic Goiter; - Thyotoxicosis; - Hyperthyroidism; - Graves disease
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| What is a another name / symptom for exophthalmic Goiter? | Bulging eye
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| What are the diseases associated with hyposecretion of T - 3 & T - 4. | Myxedema; - Hashimotos; - Cretinism
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| What are the symptoms associated with Myxedema, Hashimoto & Cretinism (hyposecretion of T - 3 & T -4)? | All have slower metabolic rates; - Myxedema & Hashimoto have: Lethargy; Obesity; - Edema (Fluid under the skin); Cretinism has slow mental & physical development
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| What is a hormone from the thyroid that is not affected? | Calcitonin
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| What does calcitonin do? | It is released when high levels of calcium are reached in the blood to tell the Parathyroid gland to stop secreting PTH
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| What is the name of the condition caused by hypersecretion of Parathyroid? | Hyperparathyroidism or Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
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| What are some symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism and Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica | Weak, deformed bones (All your calcium is being pulled out of your bones)
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| What is the chain of action that happens with PTH? | PTH is released to go to the bone to get calcium for the blood when calcium levels drop
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| When disease is caused with hyposecretion of PTH? | Hypoparathyroidism
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| What are some symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism? | Muscle function is affected; - Twitching; - Spasm; - Tetany
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| What is needed for the body to asorb calcium? | Vitamin D
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| Where is the adrenal glands located? | One on top of each kidney
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| What is the name of the outer layer of the adrenal gland? | Adrenal Cortex
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| What is the name of the inner layer of the adrenal gland? | Adrenal Medulla
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| The Adrenal Cortex makes what? | Corticoids that are made by cholesterol and are steroid based. (Aldosterne & Cortisole)
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| Hypersecretion of aldosterone causes what? | Sodium & water retention; - Hypertension; WT gain; - Fluid retention
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| What is the main function of Cortisole from the Adrenal cortex of the Adrenal Gland? | Regulate usage of proteins, fats & carbs so that we maintain a normal blood sugar level
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| What happens when cortisole is hypersecreted? | Increased blood sugar or hyperglycemia; -
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| What are some symptoms of Cushing's disease? (A result of hypersecretion of Aldosterone & Cortisol) | Water Retention which causes 'moon face' and hypertention; - WT gain
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| Aldosterone is a hormone from what category of corticoids? | Mineralocorticoids
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| Costisol is a hormone from what category of corticoids? | Glucocorticords
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| A hyposecretion of Aldosterane / Cortisole causes what disease? | Addison's Disease
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| What are the symptoms of Addison's Disease? | Electrolyte imbalance; - Fluid lose (Dehydration); - Hypoglycemia; - WT lose; - Low BP
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| The Adrenal Medulla secretes what hormones? | Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (also called Adrenaline)
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| Hypersecretion of Epinephrine & Norepinephrine causes what disease? | Pheochromocytoma; - Most common in children and young people
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| What are some symptoms of Pheochromocytoma? | Tachycardia; - Hypertension (Increased BP); - Diaphoresis (Sweatiness)
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| What is the name associated with hyposecrection of Epinephrine & Norepinephrine or Adrenaline? | There is none
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| What is it called when you have hypersecretion of insulin & Glucagon? | Hyperinsulinism
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| What are some symptoms of hyperinsulin? | Hypoglycemia; - Vertigo; - Syncope (fainting); - Shakiness; - nerviness
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| What would you give a person with hyperinsulin? | Protein and complex carbs
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| What are the diseases of hyposecretion of Insulin? | IDDM (Type I or Insulin Dependent Diabetes); - NIDDM (Type II or Not Insulin Dependent Diabetes)
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| What does the pineal gland secrete and what does it do? | Melatonin which regulates biorhythms (Makes you sleepy at night)
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| What is secreted from the heart when the heart expands too far? | ANP - Atrial Naturietic Peptide (Decreases BP to reduce blood volume to reduce expandion) - Loss of sodium and water throughout the body
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| What is the hormone that is secreted when lack of oxygen stimulates release of red blood cells to carry oxygen? | Erythropoietin
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| Where is erythropoietin secreted from? | the kidneys
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| What are some symptoms that are common in both IDDM & NIDDM? | Slow healing of wounds; - Vision issues; - Poor circulation
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| What are the most common symptoms of Diabetic coma? | Hyperglycemia; - Hot, flush, dry stin; - Fruity or Acetone breath; - You get sleeper, less responsive; - Granual on-set (Days-weeks)Treat with insulin
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| What are the most common symptoms of Insulin shock? | Hypoglycemia; - Cold, pale (pallor), clamy skin; - You get hyper, wilder, bizarre behavior; - On-set can be hours-days; - Treat with sugar
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| What are some symptoms of Diabetes mellitus? | Hyperglycemia, glucose starved cells
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| What are some symptoms of Diabetes insipidus? | Excessive fluid and sodium loss
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