Joints and Body Move
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| fibrous joints | the bones are joined by fibrous tissues
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| sutures | irregular edges of the bones interlock and are united by very short connective tissue fibers
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| syndesmoses | articulating bones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue; the bones do not interlock
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| cartilaginous joints | the articulating bone ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage
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| symphyses | bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage
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| synchondroses | the bony portions are united by hyaline cartilage
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| synovial joints | those in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
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| plane | articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved, allowing sliding movements in one or two planes
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| hinge | rounded process of one bone fits into the concave surface of another to allow movement in one plan, usually flexion and extension
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| pivot | rounded or conical surface of one bone articulates with a shallow depression or foramen in another bone
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| condyloid | oval condyle of one bone fits into an ellipsoidal depression in another bone
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| saddle | articulating surfaces are saddle-shaped; the articulating surface of one bone is convex, and the reciprocal surface is concave
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| ball and socket | ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another
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| flexion | a movement, generally in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and reduces the distance between the two bones
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| extension | a movement that increases the angle of a joint and the distance between two bones or parts of the body; opposite of flexion
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| abduction | movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, generally on the frontal plane
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| adduction | movement of a limb toward the midline of the body; the opposite of abduction
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| rotation | movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis without lateral or medial displacement
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| circumduction | a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction commonly observed in ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder
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| pronation | movement of the palm of the hand from an anterior or upward-facing position to a posterior or downward-facing position
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| supination | movement of the palm from a posterior position ot an anterior position; the opposite of pronation
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| inversion | a movement that results in the medial turning of the sole of the foot
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| eversion | a movement that results in the lateral turning of the sole of the foot; opposite of inversion
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| dorsiflexion | a movement of the ankle joint in a dorsal direction
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| plantar flexion | a movement of the ankle joint in wich the foot is flexed downward
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| hip joint | a synovial joint that is a ball and socket joint so movements can occur in all possible planes
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| knee joint | a synovial joint that is the largest and most complex joint in the body
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| shoulder joint | a synovial joint that is the most freely moving joint of the body
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| temporomandibular joint | lies just anterior to the ear, where the egg-shaped condyle of the mandible articulates with the inferior surface of the squamous region of the temporal bone
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