Axial Skeleton Lab
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| skull | consists of the cranium and facial bones
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| cranium | encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue
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| facial bones | present the eyes anterior position and form the base for the facial muscles
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| frontal bone | anterior portion of the cranium; forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
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| supraorbital foramen (notch) | opening above each orbit allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass
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| glabella | smooth area between the eyes
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| parietal bones | posterolateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of the cranium
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| sagittal suture | midline articulation point of the two parietal bones
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| coronal suture | point of articulation of parietals with frontal bone
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| temporal bone | inferior to parietal bone on the lateral skull.
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| squamous suture | point of articulation of the temporal bone with the parietal bone
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| zygomatic process | a bridgelike projection joining the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly.
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| mandibular fossa | rounded depression on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process (anterior to the ear)
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| external acoustic meatus | canal leading to eardrum and middle ear
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| styloid process | needlelike projection inferior to external acoustic meatus; attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck. m
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| mastoid process | rough projection inferior and posterior to external acoustic meatus; attchment site for muscles.
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| stylomastoid foramen | tiny opening between the mastoid and styloid processes through which cranial nerve VII leaves the cranium
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| jugular foramen | opening medial to the styloid process through which the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, and XI pass
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| carotid canal | opening medial to the styloid process through which the internal carotid artery passes into the cranial cavity
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| interal acoustic meatus | opening on the posterior aspect of temporal bone allowing passage of cranial nerves VII and VIII
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| foramen lacerum | a jagged opening between the petrous temporal bone and the sphenoid providing passage for a number of small nerves and for the internal carotid artery to enter the middle cranial fossa
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| occipital bone | most posterior bone of cranium - forms floor and back wall
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| lamboid suture | site of articulation of occipital bone and parietal bones
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| foramen magnum | large opening in base of occipital, which allows the spinal cord to join with the brain
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| occipital condyles | rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra
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| hypoglossal canal | opening medial and superior to the occipital condyle through which the hypoglossal nerve passes
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| external occipital crest and protuberance | midline prominences posterior to the foramen magnum
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| sphenoid bone | bat-shaped bone forming the anterior plateau of the middle cranial fossa across the width of the skull
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| greater wings | portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly anterior to the temporal and forming a part of the eye orbits
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| superior orbital fissures | jagged openings in orbits providing passage for cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI to enter the orbit where they serve the eye
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| sella turcica | a saddle-shaped region in the sphenoid midline which nearly encloses the pituitary gland.
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| lesser wing | bat-shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the sella turcica
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| optic canals | openings in the bases of the lesser wings through which the optic nerves enter the orbits to serve the eyes
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| foramen rotundum | opening lateral to the sella turcica providing passage for a branch of the fifth cranial nerve
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| foramen ovale | opening posterior to the sella turcica that allows passage of the branch of the fifth cranial nerve
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| ethmoid bone | irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid
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| crista galli | vertical projection providing a point of attachment for the dura mater, helping to secure the brain within the skull
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| cribriform plates | bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa
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| perpendicular plate | inferior projection of the ethmoid that forms the superior part of the nasal septum
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| lateral masses | irregularly shaped thin-walled bony regions flanking the perpendicular plate laterally
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| superior and middle nasal conchae | thin, delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the lateral masses of the ethmoid into the nasal cavity
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| mandible | the lower jawbone which articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull
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| mandibular body | horizontal portion; forms the chin
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| mandibular ramus | vertical extension of the body on either side
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| mandibular condyle | articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
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| coronoid process | jutting anterior portion of the ramus; site of muscle attachment
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| mandibular angle | posterior point at which ramus meets the body
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| mental foramen | prominent opening on the body that transmits the mental blood vessels and nerve to the lower jaw
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| mandibular foramen | permits passage of the nerve involved with tooth sensation and is the site where the dentist injects Novocain
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| alveolar margin | superior margin of mandible, contains sockets in which the teeth lie
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| mandibular symphysis | anterior median depression indicating point of mandible fusion
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| maxillae | two bones fused in a median suture; form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits
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| palatine processes | form the anterior hard plate
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| infraorbital foramen | opening under the orbit carrying infraorbital nerves and blood vessels to the nasal region
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| incisive fossa | large bilateral opening located posterior to the central incisor tooth of the maxilla and piercing the hard palate
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| lacrimal bone | fingernail sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between maxilla and the ethmoid
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| palatine bone | paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form posterior hard palate and part of the orbit
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| zygomatic bone | lateral to the maxilla; forms the portion of the face commonly called the cheekbone, and forms part of the lateral orbit
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| nasal bone | small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose
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| vomer | blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms the posterior and inferior nasal septum
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| inferior nasal conchae | thin curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve the same purpose as the turbinate portions of the ethmoid bone
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| skull | two sets of bones that includes the cranium and facial bones
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| vertebral column | extending from the skull to the pelvis, forms the body's major axial support
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| cervical vertebrae | 1st vertebra is atlas, 2nd vertebra is axis
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| thoracic vertebrae | larger body than the cervical vertebrae. The body is somewhat heart-shaped, with two articulating surfaces on each side close to the origin of the vertebral arch
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| lumbar vertebrae | massive blocklike bodies and short, thick, hatchet shaped spinous processes extending directly backward
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| spinous process | single medial and posterior projection from the vertebral arch
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| transverse process | two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
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| lamina | two broad plates extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch
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| pedicle | two short thick processes which project backwards one on either side, from the upper part of the body, at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces
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| verebral(spinal) foramen | opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch; a conduit for the spinal cord
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| body (centrum) | rounded central portion of the vertebra, which faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column
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| superior articular process | paried projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable articulation with adjacent vertebrae. The superior articular processes typically face toward the spinous process(posteriorly).
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| inferior articular process | paried projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable articulation with adjacent vertebrae. The inferior articular processes face (anteriorly) away from the spinous process
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| intervertebral foramen | the right and left pedicles have notches on their inferiorand superior surfaces that create openings for spinal nerves to leave the spinal cord between adjacent vertebrae
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| articular facets | a relatively small articular surface of a bone, especially a vertebra
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| sacrum vertebrae | a composit bone formed from the fusion of five vertebrae
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| bony thorax | the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
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| sternum | breastbone
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| jugular notch | concave upper border of the manubrium
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| clavicular notch | a notch on each side of the upper part of the manubrium that is the site of articulation with a clavicle
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| manubrium | the broad, upper part of the sternum
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| body (gladiolus) | main part of the sternum
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| xiphoid process | constructs the inferior end of the sternum and lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space
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