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Axial Skeleton Lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| skull | consists of the cranium and facial bones |
| cranium | encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue |
| facial bones | present the eyes anterior position and form the base for the facial muscles |
| frontal bone | anterior portion of the cranium; forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa |
| supraorbital foramen (notch) | opening above each orbit allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass |
| glabella | smooth area between the eyes |
| parietal bones | posterolateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of the cranium |
| sagittal suture | midline articulation point of the two parietal bones |
| coronal suture | point of articulation of parietals with frontal bone |
| temporal bone | inferior to parietal bone on the lateral skull. |
| squamous suture | point of articulation of the temporal bone with the parietal bone |
| zygomatic process | a bridgelike projection joining the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly. |
| mandibular fossa | rounded depression on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process (anterior to the ear) |
| external acoustic meatus | canal leading to eardrum and middle ear |
| styloid process | needlelike projection inferior to external acoustic meatus; attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck. m |
| mastoid process | rough projection inferior and posterior to external acoustic meatus; attchment site for muscles. |
| stylomastoid foramen | tiny opening between the mastoid and styloid processes through which cranial nerve VII leaves the cranium |
| jugular foramen | opening medial to the styloid process through which the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, and XI pass |
| carotid canal | opening medial to the styloid process through which the internal carotid artery passes into the cranial cavity |
| interal acoustic meatus | opening on the posterior aspect of temporal bone allowing passage of cranial nerves VII and VIII |
| foramen lacerum | a jagged opening between the petrous temporal bone and the sphenoid providing passage for a number of small nerves and for the internal carotid artery to enter the middle cranial fossa |
| occipital bone | most posterior bone of cranium - forms floor and back wall |
| lamboid suture | site of articulation of occipital bone and parietal bones |
| foramen magnum | large opening in base of occipital, which allows the spinal cord to join with the brain |
| occipital condyles | rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra |
| hypoglossal canal | opening medial and superior to the occipital condyle through which the hypoglossal nerve passes |
| external occipital crest and protuberance | midline prominences posterior to the foramen magnum |
| sphenoid bone | bat-shaped bone forming the anterior plateau of the middle cranial fossa across the width of the skull |
| greater wings | portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly anterior to the temporal and forming a part of the eye orbits |
| superior orbital fissures | jagged openings in orbits providing passage for cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI to enter the orbit where they serve the eye |
| sella turcica | a saddle-shaped region in the sphenoid midline which nearly encloses the pituitary gland. |
| lesser wing | bat-shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the sella turcica |
| optic canals | openings in the bases of the lesser wings through which the optic nerves enter the orbits to serve the eyes |
| foramen rotundum | opening lateral to the sella turcica providing passage for a branch of the fifth cranial nerve |
| foramen ovale | opening posterior to the sella turcica that allows passage of the branch of the fifth cranial nerve |
| ethmoid bone | irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid |
| crista galli | vertical projection providing a point of attachment for the dura mater, helping to secure the brain within the skull |
| cribriform plates | bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa |
| perpendicular plate | inferior projection of the ethmoid that forms the superior part of the nasal septum |
| lateral masses | irregularly shaped thin-walled bony regions flanking the perpendicular plate laterally |
| superior and middle nasal conchae | thin, delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the lateral masses of the ethmoid into the nasal cavity |
| mandible | the lower jawbone which articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull |
| mandibular body | horizontal portion; forms the chin |
| mandibular ramus | vertical extension of the body on either side |
| mandibular condyle | articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone |
| coronoid process | jutting anterior portion of the ramus; site of muscle attachment |
| mandibular angle | posterior point at which ramus meets the body |
| mental foramen | prominent opening on the body that transmits the mental blood vessels and nerve to the lower jaw |
| mandibular foramen | permits passage of the nerve involved with tooth sensation and is the site where the dentist injects Novocain |
| alveolar margin | superior margin of mandible, contains sockets in which the teeth lie |
| mandibular symphysis | anterior median depression indicating point of mandible fusion |
| maxillae | two bones fused in a median suture; form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits |
| palatine processes | form the anterior hard plate |
| infraorbital foramen | opening under the orbit carrying infraorbital nerves and blood vessels to the nasal region |
| incisive fossa | large bilateral opening located posterior to the central incisor tooth of the maxilla and piercing the hard palate |
| lacrimal bone | fingernail sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between maxilla and the ethmoid |
| palatine bone | paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form posterior hard palate and part of the orbit |
| zygomatic bone | lateral to the maxilla; forms the portion of the face commonly called the cheekbone, and forms part of the lateral orbit |
| nasal bone | small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose |
| vomer | blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms the posterior and inferior nasal septum |
| inferior nasal conchae | thin curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve the same purpose as the turbinate portions of the ethmoid bone |
| skull | two sets of bones that includes the cranium and facial bones |
| vertebral column | extending from the skull to the pelvis, forms the body's major axial support |
| cervical vertebrae | 1st vertebra is atlas, 2nd vertebra is axis |
| thoracic vertebrae | larger body than the cervical vertebrae. The body is somewhat heart-shaped, with two articulating surfaces on each side close to the origin of the vertebral arch |
| lumbar vertebrae | massive blocklike bodies and short, thick, hatchet shaped spinous processes extending directly backward |
| spinous process | single medial and posterior projection from the vertebral arch |
| transverse process | two lateral projections from the vertebral arch |
| lamina | two broad plates extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch |
| pedicle | two short thick processes which project backwards one on either side, from the upper part of the body, at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces |
| verebral(spinal) foramen | opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch; a conduit for the spinal cord |
| body (centrum) | rounded central portion of the vertebra, which faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column |
| superior articular process | paried projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable articulation with adjacent vertebrae. The superior articular processes typically face toward the spinous process(posteriorly). |
| inferior articular process | paried projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable articulation with adjacent vertebrae. The inferior articular processes face (anteriorly) away from the spinous process |
| intervertebral foramen | the right and left pedicles have notches on their inferiorand superior surfaces that create openings for spinal nerves to leave the spinal cord between adjacent vertebrae |
| articular facets | a relatively small articular surface of a bone, especially a vertebra |
| sacrum vertebrae | a composit bone formed from the fusion of five vertebrae |
| bony thorax | the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae |
| sternum | breastbone |
| jugular notch | concave upper border of the manubrium |
| clavicular notch | a notch on each side of the upper part of the manubrium that is the site of articulation with a clavicle |
| manubrium | the broad, upper part of the sternum |
| body (gladiolus) | main part of the sternum |
| xiphoid process | constructs the inferior end of the sternum and lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space |
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