Ch 22 Lymphatic
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| Water plus solutes from plasma & cells; Returns to circulatory system via veins; essential for fluid balance. | lymph
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| Carry lymph away from tissues; valves insure one way flow | lymphatic vessels
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| More permeable than blood capillaries,Epithelium functions as series of one-way valves,found in all parts of the body except nervous system, bone marrow, and tissues without blood vessels | Lymphatic capillaries
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| distributed along vessels and filter lymph; Substances removed by phagocytosis or stimulate lymphocytes to proliferate in germinal centers; Cancer cells often migrate to lymph nodes, are trapped there, and proliferate. | lymph nodes
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| jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar | lymphatic trunks
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| drain tissues of body and move lymph into major veins | lymphatic ducts
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| drains right side of head, right-upper limb, right thorax | Right lymphatic duct
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| drains remainder of the body | Thoracic duct
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| contain lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells); fine collagen reticular fibers trap microorganisms and other particles | lymphatic organs
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| lymph nodes, spleen, thymus | Encapsulated lymph organs
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| mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Found beneath epithelium as first line of attack against invaders. | Unencapsulated lymph organs
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| dispersed lymphocytes, macrophages; blends with other tissues. Associated with other types of lymphatic tissue | diffuse lymphatic tissue
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| denser aggregations. Numerous in loose connective tissue of digestive (Peyer’s patches), respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems (MALT); Referred to as lymphatic follicles when found in lymph nodes and the spleen | Lymphatic nodules
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| Large groups of lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral cavity; Provide protection against bacteria and other harmful material. Form a ring around the border between the oral cavity and the pharynx | tonsils
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| Destroys defective RBCs; Detects and responds to foreign substances; Limited reservoir for blood | spleen
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| Site of maturation of T cells: many T cells produced here, but most degenerate. Those that remain can react to foreign substances, but not to healthy body tissue. | thymus
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| Ability to resist damage from foreign substances such as microorganisms and harmful chemicals | immunity
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| Mechanical mechanisms: prevent entry or remove microbes. Skin, tears, saliva, mucous membranes, mucus. Considered the acid mantle;Chemical mediators: promote phagocytosis and inflammation; Cells: involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals | Innate or nonspecific resistance
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| Specificity: ability to recognize a particular substance; Memory: ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance and respond rapidly | Adaptive or specific immunity
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| 20 proteins that circulate in blood in inactive form; become activated in cascade form & can form membrane attack complexes, make channel through plasma mem, attach to surface of bact cells, stim phagocytosis, attract immune syst cells to site of infectio | complement
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| part of innate immunity. C3 binds with foreign substance. Attract macrophages. | Alternative pathway
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| part of adaptive immunity. Requires antibodies bound to antigens | Classical pathway
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| Prevent viral replication; produced by infected cell, but cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins, thus act as a paracrine. | Interferons
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| most important cellular components of immune system. Must be able to move into infected tissues and destroy infection | White blood cells
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| Phagocytic and first cells to enter infected tissue; last only a few hours; Regularly cross wall of gastrointestinal tract, providing protection. 126 billion/day | Neutrophils
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| large phagocytic cellsMonocytes that leave blood, enter tissues. Longer-lived than neutrophils, can ingest larger particles; Found beneath free surfaces within sinuses (spleen, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes). | Macrophages
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| Promote inflammation when activated by innate or adaptive system. | Basophils and mast cells
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| leave blood and enter tissues; Reduce inflammation by breaking down chemicals produced by basophils and mast cells.Secrete enzymes that kill some parasites | Eosinophils
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| type of lymphocytes; Lyse tumor and virus-infected cells; Recognize whole classes of cells, not specific kind of cell. | Natural killer cells
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| Response initiated by chemical mediators that produce vasodilation, chemotactic attraction, increased vascular permeability. The latter allows fibrinogen and complement to enter tissue. Fibrinogen converted to fibrin, walls off infected area | Inflammatory Response
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| confined to a specific area of the body. Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function | Local Inflammatory Response
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| Increase in neutrophil #s released by RBM;Fever due to production of pyrogens; Improves performance of immune system.Widespread increased vascular permeability due to histamines. Large volume of plasma enters interstitial spaces leading to shock | Systemic Inflammatory Response
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| not produced by body, introduced from outside; Bacteria, viruses, other microorganisms that cause disease; Pollen, animal dander, feces of mites, foods, drugs cause overreaction of immune system called allergic reaction | foreign antigens (adaptive immunity)
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| produced by body. Used as markers to allow adaptive immune response to differentiate self from non-self. Response to self tumor antigens helpfulResponse to self-antigens resulting in tissue destruction: auto immune diseases | Self-antigens (adapt imm)
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| small molecules, combine with large proteins and producing an adaptive immune response | Haptens (adapt imm)
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| Humoral or Antibody-mediated | B cells
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| Cell-mediated | T cells
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| Ensures survival of lymphocytes that react against antigens. These then proliferate and form clones | Positive selection
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| Eliminates clones of lymphocytes that react against self-antigens | Negative selection
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| state of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific antigen, usually to self antigens. Provoked by deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes, preventing activation of lymphocytes that encounter self antigens, activation of suppressor T cells | tolerance
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| lymphocytes interact with each other, antigen-presenting cells and antigens to produce the immune response; Diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen | Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
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| Lymphocytes must be able to recognize the antigen. After recognition, lymphocytes must increase in number to effectively destroy antigen | Activation of Lymphocytes
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| specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocyte | Antigenic determinants
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| attach to plasma membrane; Have variable region that can bind to foreign and self antigens | major histocompatibility complex
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| Found on surface of nucleated cells. In concert with antigens that were produced inside the cell from, for example, digested virus particles. Like displaying a flag saying “Kill me!” MHC-restricted: both MHCI and foreign antigen are displayed together | Class I MHC
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| Found on surface of antigen-presenting cells. B-cells, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells. Display of MHCII with foreign antigen is like “Rally round the flag”, stimulates other immune system cells to respond to the antigen. | Class II MHC
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| Released by the macrophage of a cytokine that binds to a receptor on the helper T cell. | Costimulation By cytokines
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| Binding of two molecules (B7 and CD28) on the macrophage and Helper T cell. Helps to hold the cells together. | Costimulation By surface molecules
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| B or T cell does not respond to an antigen; occurs when T cell encounters a self antigen | anergy
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| Cells from original clones must proliferate before antigen can be attacked effectively:Proliferation of Helper T cells;Proliferation of B cells and effector T cells | Proliferation of Lymphocytes
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| Effective against extracellular antigens including bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, parasites, and toxins when they are outside cells | Antibody-Mediated Immunity
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| Part that combines with antigenic determinant of antigen | Variable region of antibody
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| Responsible for activities of antibodies like activating complement or attaching to various kinds of WBCs | Constant region of antibody
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| occurs when a B cell is first activated by an antigen. B cell proliferates to produce plasma cells (antibody production) and memory cells. | Primary response
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| occurs during later exposure to same antigen. Memory cells divide rapidly to form plasma cells and additional memory cells. Faster and greater response. | Secondary response
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| Function of T cells; most effective against intracellular microorganisms: viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria, parasites | Cell-Mediated Immunity
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| Lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants. Major lysin is perforin, which forms a hole in the plasma membrane of the target cell. Produce cytokines, which promote phagocytosis and inflammation | Cytotoxic T cells function
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| Involved in allergic reactions; e.g., poison ivy. Hapten that binds to proteins in the skin, then antigen processed by Langerhans cells (APCs) of the skin and presented to delayed hypersensitivity T cells | Delayed hypersensitivity T cells
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| natural exposure to an antigen | Active natural immunity
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| natural exposure to an antigen | Active natural immunity
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| natural exposure to an antigen | Active natural immunity
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| deliberate exposure to antigen or antibody | Immunization
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| vaccination. Deliberate exposure to an antigen (vaccine) | Active artificial immunity
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| transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus or baby | Passive natural immunity
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| transfer of antibodies (or cells) from an immune animal to a nonimmune one; antiserum; ie. rabies, hepatitis, snake bites | Passive artificial immunity
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