Gastrointestinal system
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| What is a hemorrhoid? | when vascular tissue engorges during defecation to protect anal canal from abrasions
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| What are hemorrhoids associated with? | constipation
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| What are key details about internal hemorrhoids? | painless; may cause bright red rectal bleeding with defecation
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| What are key details about external hemorrhoids? | painful; don't usually bleed, may thrombose (look bluish)
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| What is the treatment for hemorrhoids? | avoid dairy and greasy/fried foods; sitz bath
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| What is a common cause of small bowel obstructions? | adhesions following surgery = scar tissue
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| What is the pathophysiology of SBO? | small bowel dilates because nowhere food to go, leads to edema, then dehydration and necrosis
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| What are symptoms of SBO? | abdominal pain, tachycardia + hypotension (dehydration)
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| What is a common cause of large bowel obstructions? | fecal impaction (really bad constipation)
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| How do you treat SBO and LBO? | NPO, IV fluids, NG tube decompensation -> call surgeon!
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| What is the diverticulum? | sac-like protrusion of the colon wall
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| What is diverticulosis? | The condition of having diverticula
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| What is diverticulitis? | inflammation and infection of the diverticula
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| hat is the most common spot for diverticulosis? | sigmoid colon, LLQ
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| What is diverticulosis related to? | low fiber diet
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| What is the treatment for diverticulosis? | high fiber diet and fluids
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| How is diverticulitis diagnosed? | CT scan
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| What are symptoms of diverticulitis? | LLQ acute abdominal pain, fever
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| What are symptoms of GERD? | heartburn
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| What are treatments of GERD? | Antacids, PPI, avoiding irritating foods/drinks, no smoking
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| What is the cause of crohn's disease? | unknown
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| how long does it usually take to diagnose Crohn's Disease? | 3 years
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| What test is done on people with Crohn's? | ASCA test
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| What is the treatment for Crohn's? | colon cancer screenings, supportive, prednisone sometimes, antibiotics
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| What are symptoms of ulcerative colitis? | bloody diarrhea is the hallmark
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| What test is done for ulcerative colitis? | P-ANCA test
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| What test can determine if it's crohn's or UC? | colonoscopy
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| What is the treatment for? | surgery, low fiber diet
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| What is peptic ulcer disease? | break in the gastric or duodenal mucosa when normal mucosal defenses are impaired
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| What age group is most affected by duodoenal ulcers? | 30-55 year olds
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| What age group is most affected by gastric ulcers? | 55-70 years olds
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| What is the cause of gastric ulcers? | NSAIDs
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| What is the cause of duodenal ulcers? | H. pylori infection
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| When does pain in gastric ulcers start? | shortly after eating
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| When does pain in duodenal ulcers start? | 2-5 hours after eating or late evening
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| How is H. pylori tested? | urea breath test -> produces a lot of urea
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| What is hepatitis A? | transmitted via fecal oral route; vaccine; people don't die from it
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| What is hepatitis B? | transmitted perinatally, sexually, and needles; vaccine; treatments available
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| What is hepaitis C? | transmitted by blood to blood contact (IV drug users, piercings, transfusions); no vaccine; treatment available and necessary
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| What is hepatitis D? | can't get this without Hep B; no vaccine
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| What is hepatitis E? | not common in the US; fecal oral route transmission; supportive treatment
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| What is alcoholic hepatitis? | drank for 5+ years; treatment is to stop drinking
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| What are symptoms of hepatitis? | jaundice, RUQ pain (liver), fatigue, can be asymptomatic for years
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| How is hepatitis diagnosed? | bloodwork -> hepatitis surface antibody and antigen; CT scan + US; liver biopsy
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| How do you treat hepatitis in alcoholics? | stop drinking and folic acid
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| What are the causes of pancreatitis? | gallstones and alcohol
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| What are symptoms of pancreatitis? | upper abd pain that radiates to back, n+v, fever or chills, tachycardia
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| What is Cullen's sign of hemorrhagic pancreatitis? | bruising around belly button (periumbilical ecchymosis)
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| What is Grey-Turner's sign of hemorrhagic pancreatitis? | back ecchymosis (bruising)
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| What are important labs for pancreatitis? | lipase, amaylase = always elevated; CT scan
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| What is the treatment for pancreatitis? | fluids, stop drinking alcohol
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| What is cholelithiasis? | gallstones
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| What are the four F's of cholelithiasis? | Female, Fat, Forty (over), and fertile -- also family hx
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| What are the symptoms of cholelithiasis? | pain in RUQ but usually asymptomatic
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| What test is done to diagnose cholelithiasis? | US
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| What is the treatment for cholelithiasis? | hurts, take it out; doesn't hurt, leave it in
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| What percentage of colorectal cancer occurs in people 40 and younger? | 4%
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| What percentage of colorectal cancer occurs in people older than 50? | 90%
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| What are preventative factors of colorectal cancer? | diet (fruits and vegetables; low red meat/fat)
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| What is the percentage of colorectal cancers that are adenocarcinoma? | 98%
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| What are symptoms of colorectal cancer? | pencil thin stools, blood in stool, weight loss, abd pain
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| How is colorectal cancer diagnosed? | colonoscopy and biopsy
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| How often should colorectal screenings take place in 50+? | every 10 years
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| How often should colorectal screenings take place if family history? | 10 years prior before family's age of diagnosis
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