Chapter 12
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| Pulmonary Circuit | carries blood to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs
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| Systemic Circuit | transports blood to and from the rest of the body
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| Arteries | efferent vessels,carry blood away from the heart
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| Veins | afferent vessels, return blood to the heart
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| Capillaries | small thin walled vessels between the smallest arteries and the smallest veins; the thin walls permit the exchange of nutrients,dissolved gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues
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| Right Atrium | receives blood from the systemic circuit
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| Right Ventricle | discharges blood into the pulmonary circuit
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| Left Atrium | collects blood from the pulmonary circuit
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| Left Ventricle | ejects the blood into the systemic circuit
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| Mediastinum | connective tissue mass that divides the thoracic cavity into 2 plueral cavities;also contains the thymus,esophagus,and trachea
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| Pericardial Cavity | this cavity surrounds the heart
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| Pericardium | serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity
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| Base | top half of the heart
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| Visceral Pericardium | epicardium; covers the outer surface of the heart
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| Parietal Pericardium | lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac which surrounds the heart
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| Pericardial Fluid | acts as a lubricant,reducing friction between the opposing surfaces as the heart beats
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| Auricle | lumpy wrinkled flap as part of the atria
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| Coronary Sulcus | deep groove usally filled with substantial amounts of fat, marks the border between the atria and the ventricles
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| Anterior/Posterior Interventricular Sulcus | marks the border between the left and right ventricles
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| Apex | inferior,pointed tip of the heart
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| Epicardium | covers the outer surface if the heart
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| Myocardium | muscular wall of the heart, contains cardiac muscke tissue, blood vessels and nerves
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| Endocardium | inner surface of the heart;simple squamous epithelium that is continuous with the endothelium of the attatched vessels
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| Intercalated Discs | interlocking membranes of adjacent cells are held together bt desmosomes and linked by gap junctions
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| Superior Vena Cava | delivers lood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest
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| Inferior Vena Cava | carries blood from the rest of teh trunk, the viscera,and the lower limbs
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| Coronary Sinus | opening into the right atrium slightly below the connection with the inferior vena cava
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| Fossa Ovalis | allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atriumwhile the lungs were developing at birth; closes and after 48 hrs is permanently sealed
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| Right Atrioventricular Valve (AV) | Tricuspid Valve
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| Chordae Tendineae | connective tissue fibers bracing each cusp
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| Papillary Muscles | cone shaped projections on the inner surface of the ventricle; contraction of these muscles tenses the chordae tendineae limiting the movement of the cusps and preventing the backflow of blood into the right atrium
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| Pulmonary Trunk | blood leaving right ventricle flows here; start of pulomonary circuit
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| Pulmonary Semilunar Valve | guards entrance to pulmonary trunk
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| Left/Right Pulmonary Arteries | branch repeatedly into the lungs
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| Left/Right Pulmonary Veins | oxygenated blood moes into here; delivered into left atrium
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| Left Atrioventricular Valve | bicuspid valve; mitral valve
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| Aortic Semilunar Valve | blood leaving left ventricle passes through here before moving into the aorta (start of systemic system)
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| Atrioventricular valves | prevent backflow from venticles into atria
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| Regurgitation | backflow of blood into the atrium; heart murmur
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| Aortic Sinuses | prevent the cusps from sticking to the wall of the aorta when the valve opens
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| Fibrous Skeleton | dense bands of elastic connective tissue that encircle the bases of the large blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart and each of the heart valves
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| Coronary Circulation | supplies blood to the muscle tissue of the heart
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| Coronary Arteries | originate at the base if the aorta
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| RCA | provides blood to the right atrium and portions of both ventricles
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| LCA | supplies blood to the left ventricle left atrium and interventricular septum
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| Anastomoses | small tributaries from branches of the left and right coronary arteries
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| Great/Middle Cardiac veins | carry blood away from the coronary capillaries
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| Coronary Sinuses | large thin walled vein in the posterior portion of the coronary sulcus
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| Infarct | area of dead tissue caused by an interruption in the blood flow
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| Myocardial Infarction | heart attack,coronary circulation becomes blocked and cardiac muscle cells die from the lack of oxygen
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| Heartbeat | entire heart,atria and ventricles contracts in a coordinated manner so that blood in flows in the correct direction at the proper time
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| Contractile Cells | produce powerful contractions that propel blood;bulk of the hearts muscle tissue
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| Depolarization-Repolarization Process | 250-300 msec,25-30 times as long as an action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber
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| Conducting System | network of specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiates and distributes electrical impulses
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| Nodal Cells | responsible for establishing the rate of cardiac contraction and are located at the sinoatrial (SA) and (AV) Nodes
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| Conducting Cells | distribute the contractile stimulus to the general myocardium
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| Major Sites of conducting cells | AV Bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
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| Pacemaker cells | nodal cells that reach threshold first
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| Sinoatrial Node (SA node) | cardiac pacemaker,tissue embedded int he posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
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| Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) | generate 40-60 action potential per minute
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| AV Bundle | bundle of his
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| Left/Right Bundle Branches | radiate across the inner surface of the left and right ventricles
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| Purkinje Fibers | convey the impulses to the contactile cells of the venticular myocardium
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| Bradycardia | slow heart beat (less than 60 bpm)
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| Tachycardia | fast heart beat (more than 100 bpm)
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| EKG or ECC | recording of heart beat
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| P wave | atria begin contracting;accompanies the depolarization of the atria
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| QRS Complex | strong signal
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| T wave | ventricular repolarization
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| Cardiac Arrhythmias | abnormal patterns of cardiac activity
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| Cardiac Cycle | period between the start of one heart beat and the start of the next
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| systole | contraction
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| Diastole | relaxation-filling of blood
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| "Lubb" | AV Valves closes and semilunar opens
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| "Dubb" | semilunar valve close
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| Stroke Volume (SV) | amount ejected by a ventricle during a single heart beat
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| Cardiac Output (CO) | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 min
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| CO | = SV x HR (heart rate)
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| Atrial reflex | produces adjustments in heart rate to an increase in the venous return
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| Venous return | flow of venous blood to heart
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| Filling time | duration of ventricular diastole when blood can flow into the ventricles
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| Frank-Starling Principle | "more in = more out"
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| Cardioacceleratory Center | activates the smpathetic motor neurons
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| Cadioinhibitory Center | controls the parasympathetic motor neurons
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