chp. 11 and 12 s.g.
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| What religious settlement was reached with the Peace of Augsburg? | The ruler of a German state would decide the religion of his subjects
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| What financial problems affected Spain during the 17th century? | Inflation, bankrupt government, and high taxes for the poor
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| How was the Netherlands more democratic than most 17th century European nations? | The provincial governors were elected rather than appointed by the government
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| How did 17th century absolute monarchs view their position in government? | Since their rules is derived from God, their power was unlimited
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| How did France develop a strong economy during the reign of Louis XIV? | By promoting economic policies such as providing tax credits to French companies
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| To achieve his goal of self-sufficient France, Louis XIV’s finance minister, _____________, promoted overseas colonies that could provide France with raw materials and impose high tariffs on imported goods to protect French businesses. | Jean Baptiste Colbert
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| Louis XIV’s enormous palace at ________________ demonstrated the wealth of his monarchy? | Versailles
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| The League of Augsburg was a collection of European states that included the _____________ Hapsburg Empire, which was formed to balance the power of Louis XIV’s France. | Austrian
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| Why did Catholic France support the Protestant cause during the Thirty Years’ War? | Louis XIV was concerned about the growing power of Austria
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| Why was feudalism slow to end in central Europe? | Central European governments passed laws tying peasants to their estates
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| How did King Frederick William I gain the support of the Prussian nobility? | He awarded the Junkers officer ranks in the army
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| Why was Ivan IV mistrustful of Russian nobles? | He suspected that the boyars poisoned his wife
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| How did Peter the Great propose to modernize Russia? | By adopting many of the customs of western Europeans
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| How did the English Parliament try to limit Charles I’s power? | Parliament refused to grant the king money unless he agreed to certain conditions
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| After the Glorious Revolution, England became a(n) _______________, where the powers of the king are limited by a series of laws. | Constitutional monarchy
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| What action taken by Louis XIV damage the French economy by forcing skilled workers to emigrate from France? | Termination of the Edict of Nantes
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| Which iron rich region did Frederick the Great invade, thus starting the War of the Austrian Succession? | Silesia
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| Why did many ancient Greek astronomers believe in a geocentric explanation of our universe? | Their observations led to the conclusion that the sun revolved around them
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| How did Andreas Vesalius improve our understanding of medical science? | He dissected human bodies to understand how they function
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| Which type of government did Thomas Hobbes say would be the best for law and order | Absolute monarch
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| What is an ideal promoted by 18th century French intellectuals? | The actions of an individual should be based on reason
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| Why did Roman Catholic Church officials dislike Diderot’s Encyclopedia? | They believed that the articles unfairly criticized the Church and its influence
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| How did the discoveries of the Scientific Revolution affect Europeans regarding religion? | Europeans questioned their faith in religion
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| ____________________, wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792 that disagreed with Rousseau’s view on women and education. | Mary Wollstonecraft
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| Which composer’s music is characteristic of the baroque period? | Johann Sebastian Bach
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| What did Adam Smith promote because he believed it generated the most wealth? | Free trade
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| What characteristics of American government reflects the enlightened thought of Voltaire? | Bill of Rights
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| How did the French and Indian War change the relationship between the American colonies and Great Britain | The American colonists criticized an increase in taxation, and many considered separation
from Great Britain
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| Who influenced Thomas Jefferson on expressing his views in the Declaration of Independence? | John Locke
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| Montesquieu called his division of power among different branches? | Separation of powers
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| Which philosopher is noted for the statement “I think, therefore I am” | Rene Descartes
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| Absolutism is? | System of government in which a ruler holds total power
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| Constitutional Monarchy | a monarch’s powers are limited by a written government
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| English Bill of Rights | set the foundation for a limited, or constitutional monarchy in England
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| Oliver Cromwell | defeated Charles army and established a commonwealth form of government in England
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| Boyars | Russia’s landowning nobles
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| Seven Years’ War | European powers fought in Europe, India and North America
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| Versailles Palace | personal home to the French king and one of the leading cause for France’s large debt
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| Divine Right | idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative
on Earth
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| Glorious Revolution | William and Mary’s “invasion” of England
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| Federal System | power is divided between national and state governments
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| Checks and Balances | each branch of government having the ability to check the other two
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| Social Contract | agreement by which people create a government
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| Isaac Newton | explained the universal law of gravitation in his book The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
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| Francis Bacon | urged scientist to experiment and then draw conclusions
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| Rene Descartes | believed that everything should be doubted until proved by reason
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| John Locke | believed that all humans had certain natural rights- life, liberty & property
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| Causes of the Thirty Years’ War | Protestant and Catholic rivalry
Desire for political rule over German states
Poor rule of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II
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| Effects of the Thirty Years’ War | France rewarded with German lands
Weakening of Hapsburg Austria and Spain
Beginning of the modern age of nationstates
End of the European Religious wars
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| Ptolemy | geocentric theory of the universe
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| Nicolas Copernicus | heliocentric theory of the universe
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| Johannes Kepler | discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits
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| Galileo Galilei | discovered that Jupiter has moons and the moon has craters
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| Cesare Beccaria | capital punishment and torture should be abolished
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| Voltaire | freedom of religion and speech should be promoted
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| John Locke | people have natural rights of life, liberty and property
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| Baron de Montesquieu | executive, legislative, and judicial branches should be separated
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