Anatomy from Embryology section of First Aid
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| After arising from the floor of the primitive pharynx, where does the thryoid diverticulum go? | It descends down into the neck
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| After the first breath at birth, what causes closure of the ductus arteriosus? | An increase in oxygen
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| After the first breath at birth, what causes the closure of the foramen ovale? | A decrease resistance in pulmonary vasculature causes increased left atrial pressure vs. right atrial pressure
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| Although the diaphragm descends during development, it maintains innervation from ____? | C3-C5 ("C3, 4, 5 - keeps your diaphragm alive!")
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| What are the site of fetal erythropoisis (in order as development progresses)? | Yolk, Liver, Spleen , Bone marrow ("Young Liver Synthesizes Blood")
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| At what time in the course of development is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens? | Weeks 3-8
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| Deoxygenated blood from the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and ____ ____ to the lower body of the fetus. | ductus arteriosus
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| Do the cardiovascular structures arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm
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| Do the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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| Do the enterochromaffin cells arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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| Do the lungs arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm
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| Do the lymphatics arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm
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| Do the melanocytes arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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| Do the neural crest cells arise from mesoderm, ectoderm, or endoderm? | Ectoderm
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| Do the odontoblasts arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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| Do the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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| Do the Schwann cells arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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| Do the urogenital structures arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm
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| Does blood arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm
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| Does bone arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm
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| Does muscle arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm
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| Does the thyroid arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm
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| Does the adrenal cortex arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm
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| Does the ANS arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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| Does the celiac ganglion arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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| Does the dorsal root ganglion arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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| Does the dura connective tissue arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm
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| Does the gut tube epithelium arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm
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| Does the liver arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm
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| Does the pancreas arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm
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| Does the parathyroid arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm
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| Does the pia arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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| Does the serous linings of body cavities arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm
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| Does the spleen arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm
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| Does the thymus arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm
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| From what does the ligamentum teres hepatis arise? | Umbilical vein
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| How does a bicornate uterus form? | Results from incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts
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| How does a cleft lip form? | Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes
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| How does a cleft palate form? | Failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process
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| How does a horseshoe kidney form? | Inferior poles of both kidneys fuse, as they ascend from the pelvis during development they get trapped under the inferior mesenteric artery, and remain low in the abdomen
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| How is meckel's diverticulum different than an omphalomesenteric cyst? | Omphalomesenteric cyst is a cystic dilatation of the vitelline duct
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| How long does full development of spermatogenesis take? | 2 months
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| How many arteries and veins does the umbilical cord contain? | - 2 umbilical arteries (carries deoxygenated blood away from fetus) - 1 umbilical vein (oxygenated blood to fetus)
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| Is a primary spermatocyte 2N or 4N? | 4N
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| Is a primary spermatocyte haploid or diploid? | Diploid, 4N
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| Is a secondary spermatocyte haploid or diploid? | Haploid, 2N
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| Is a secondary spermatocyte N or 2N? | 2N
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| Is a speratogonium haploid or diploid? | Diploid, 2N
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| Is a spermatid haploid or diploid? | Haploid, N
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| Meiosis I is arrested in which phase until ovulation? | Prophase
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| Meiosis II is arrested in which phase until fertilization? | Metaphase (an egg MET a sperm)
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| Most oxygenated blood reaching the heart via IVC is diverted through the ____ ____ and pumped out the aorta to the head. | foramen ovale
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| The right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to what adult heart structure? | Superior vena cava
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| The stapedius muscle of the ear is formed by which branchial arch? | 2nd
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| This type of bone formation consists of ossification of cartilaginous molds and forms long bones at primary and secondary centers. | Endochondral
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| True or False, blood in the umbilical vein is 100% saturated with oxygen? | False, it is 80% saturated
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| True or False, there are two types of spermatogonia? | True, type A and type B
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| What are the 1st branchial arch derivatives innervated by? | CN V2 and V3
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| What are the 2nd branchial arch derivatives innervated by? | CN VII
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| What are the 3rd branchial arch derivatives innervated by? | CN IX
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| What are the 4th and 6th branchial arch derivatives innervated by? | CN X
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| What are the cartilage derivatives (5) of the 4th and 6th branchial arches? | - Thyroid - Cricoid - Arytenoids - Corniculate - Cuneiform
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| What are the five 2's associated with meckel's diverticulum? | - 2 inches long - 2 feet from the ileocecal valve - 2% of the population - Commonly presents in the first 2 years of life - May have 2 types of epithelia
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| What are the rule of 2's for the 2nd week of development? | - 2 germ layers: epiblast & hypoblast - 2 cavities: amniotic cavity & yolk sac - 2 components to the placenta: cytotrophoblast & syncytiotrophoblast
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| What are the rule of 3's for the 3rd week of development? | 3 germ layers (gastrula): ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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| What can a persistent cervical sinus lead to? | A branchial cyst in the neck
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| What can be found in the cortex of the thymus? | It is dense with immature T cells
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| What can be found in the medulla of the thymus? | It is pale with mature T cells, epithelial reticular cells, and Hassall's corpuscles
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| What connects the thyroid diverticulum to the tongue? | The thyroglossal duct
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| What developmental contributions does the 5th branchial arch make? | none
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| What do the 2nd - 4th branchial clefts form, which are obliterated by proliferation of the 2nd arch mesenchyme? | Temporary cervical sinuses
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| What does aberrant development of the 3rd and 4th pouches cause? | DiGeorge's syndrome
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| What does the 1st aortic arch give rise to? | Part of the maxillary artery
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| What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch develop into? | Epithelial lining of the palantine tonsils
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| What does the 3rd aortic arch give rise to? | Common carotid artery and proximal part of the internal carotid artery
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| What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch develop into? | Superior parathyroids
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| What does the 5th aortic arch give rise to? | Nothing
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| What does the 5th pharyngeal pouch develop into? | C cells of the thyroid
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| What does the 6th aortic arch give rise to? | The proximal part of the pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus
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| What does the ductus arteriosus give rise to? | Ligamentum arteriosum
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| What does the ductus venosus shunt blood away from? | Liver
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| What does the first branchial cleft develop into? | The external auditory meatus
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| What does the foramen ovale give rise to? | Fossa ovalis
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| What does the left 4th aortic arch give rise to? | Aortic arch
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| What does the ligamentum venosum come from? | Ductus venosus
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| What does the notochord give rise to? | Nucleus Pulposus
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| What does the primitive atria give rise to? | Trabeculated left and right atrium
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| What does the primitive ventricle give rise to? | Trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricle
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| What does the right 4th aortic arch give rise to? | Proximal part of the right subclavian artery
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| What does the right horn of the sinus venosus give rise to? | Smooth part of the right atrium
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| What does the spleen arise from? | Dorsal mesentery, but is supplied by the artery of the foregut
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| What does the thymus arise from? | Epithelium of the 3rd branchial pouch
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| What does the thyroid diverticulum arise from? | The floor of the primitive pharynx
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| What does the truncus arteriosus give rise to? | The ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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| What does the umbilical arteries give rise to? | Medial umbilical ligaments
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| What ear muscle does the 1st branchial arch form? | Tensor tympani
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| What effect does 13-cis-retinoic acid have on the fetus? | Extremely high risk for birth defects
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| What effect does ACE inhibitors have on the fetus? | Renal Damage
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| What effect does iodide have on the fetus? | Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism
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| What effect does warfarin and x-rays have on the fetus? | Multiple anomalies
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| What effects does cocaine have on the fetus? | Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction
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| What embryonic structure are the smooth parts of the left and right ventricle derived from? | Bulbus cordis
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| What embryonic structure does the coronary sinus come from? | Left horn of the sinus venosus
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| What embryonic structure does the median umbilical ligament come from? | Allantois (urachus)
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| What fetal landmark has developed within week 2 of fertilization? | Bilaminar disk
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| What fetal landmark has occurred within week 1 of fertilization? | Implantation
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| What fetal landmark has occurred within week 3 of fertilization? | Gastrulation
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| What fetal landmarks (2) have developed within week 3 of fertilization? | Primitive streak and neural plate begin to form
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| What five things arise from neuroectoderm? | - Neurohypophysis - CNS neurons - Oligodendrocytes - Astrocytes - Pineal gland
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| What four structures make up the diaphragm? | - Septum transversum - pleuroperitoneal folds - body wall - dorsal mesentery of esophagus
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| What four things arise from surface ectoderm? | - Adenohypophysis - Lens of eye - Epithelial linings - Epidermis
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| What four things does Meckel's cartilage (from the 1st arch) develop into? | - Mandible - Malleus - Incus - Sphenomandibular ligament
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| What four things does Reichert's cartilage (from the 2nd arch) develop into? | - Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyoid - Stylohyoid ligament
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| What four things does the dorsal pancreatic bud become? | Body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct
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| What four things does the mesonephric (wolffian) duct develop into? | - Seminal vesicles - Epididymis - Ejaculatory duct - Ductus deferens
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| What induces the ectoderm to form the neuroectoderm (neural plate)? | Notochord
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| What is a hiatal hernia? | Abdominal contents herniate into the thorax due to incomplete development of the diaphragm
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| What is a hypospadias? | Abnormal opening of penile urethra on inferior side of penis due to failure of urethral folds to close
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| What is a single umbilical artery associated with? | Congenital and chromosomal anomalies
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| What is a urachal cyst or sinus a remnant of? | The allantois
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| What is an abnormal opening of penile urethra on superior side of penis due to faulty positioning of the genital tubercle? | Epispadias
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| What is associated with an epispadias? | Exstrophy of the bladder
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| What is Meckel's diverticulum? | Persistence of the vitelline duct or yolk sac
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| What is oligohydramnios associated with? | Bilateral renal agenesis or posterior urethral valves (in males)
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| What is oligohydramnios? | < 0.5 L of amniotic fluid
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| What is polyhydramnios associated with? | Esophageal/duodenal atresia, anencephaly
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| What is polyhydramnios? | > 1.5-2 L of amniotic fluid
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| What is Potter's syndrome? | Bilateral renal agenesis -> oligohydramnios --> limb and facial deformities and pulmonary hypoplasia. Caused by malformation of ureteric bud
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| What is the acrosome of sperm derived from? | Golgi apparatus
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| What is the female homologue to the corpus spongiosum in the male? | Vestibular bulbs
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| What is the female homologue to the prostate gland in the male? | Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
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| What is the female homologue to the scrotum in the male? | Labia majora
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| What is the female homologue to the ventral shaft of the penis in the male? | Labia minora
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| What is the sperm's flagellum (tail) derived from? | One of the centrioles
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| What is the food supply of sperm? | Fructose
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| What is the male homologue to the glans clitoris in the female? | Glans penis
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| What is the male homologue to the greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) in the female? | Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper)
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| What is the most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract? | Meckel's diverticulum
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| What is the most common ectopic thyroid tissue site? | The tongue
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| What is the normal remnant of the thyroglossal duct? | Foramen cecum
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| What is the postnatal derivative of the notochord? | The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc
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| What is the site of T-cell maturation? | Thymus
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| What part of the gut is the pancreas derived? | Foregut
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| What suppresses the development of the paramesonephric ducts in males? | Mullerian inhibiting substance (secreted by the testes)
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| What teratogenic agent causes limb defects ('flipper' limbs)? | Thalidomide
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| What three structures does the 3rd pharyngeal pouch develop into? | - Thymus - Left inferior parathyroid - Right inferior parathyroid
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| What three things does the 1st pharyngeal pouch develop into? | - Middle ear cavity - Eustachian tube - Mastoid air cells
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| What three things does the paramesonephric (mullerian) duct develop into? | - Fallopian tube - Uterus - Part of the vagina
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| What three things does the ventral pancreatic bud become? | - Pancreatic head - uncinate process - main pancreatic duct
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| What two things occur during week 4 of fetal development? | Heart begins to beat, upper and lower limb buds begin to form
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| What type of bone formation is spontaneous without preexisting cartilage? | Intramembranous
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| What type of twins would have 1 placenta, 2 amniotic sacs, and 1 chorion? | Monozygotic twins
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| What type of twins would have 2 amniotic sacs and 2 placentas? | Monozygotic or dizygotic twins
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| What will DiGeorge's syndrome lead to? | T cell deficiency & hypocalcemia
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| When do primary oocytes begin meiosis I? | During fetal life
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| When do primary oocytes complete meiosis I? | Just prior to ovulation
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| When does fetal erythropoiesis occur in the bone marrow? | Week 28 and onward
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| When does fetal erythropoiesis occur in the liver? | Weeks 6-30
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| When does fetal erythropoiesis occur in the spleen? | Weeks 9-28
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| When does organogenesis occur in the fetus? | Weeks 3-8
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| Where does positive and negative selection occur in the thymus? | At the corticomedullary junction
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| Where does spermatogenesis take place? | Seminferous tubules
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| Where is the first place fetal erythropoiesis occurs and when does this take place? | Yolk sac (3-8 wk)
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| Which aortic arch does the stapedial artery and the hyoid artery come from? | 2nd aortic arch
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| Which branchial arch are the greater horn of hyoid and the stylopharyngeus muscle derived from? | 3rd branchial arch
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| Which branchial arch does Meckel's cartilage develop from? | 1st arch
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| Which branchial arch forms the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? | 1st arch
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| Which branchial arch forms the incus and malleus of the ear? | 1st arch
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| Which ear bone(s) does the 2nd branchial arch form? | Stapes
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| Which embryonic tissue are branchial clefts derived from? | Ectoderm
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| Which embryonic tissue are branchial pouches derived from? | Endoderm
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| Which is more common a hypospadias or epispadias? | Hypospadias
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| Which muscles (3) are derivatives of the 4th branchial arch? | - Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - Levator veli palatini
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| Which muscles (4) are derivatives of the 2nd branchial arch? | - Muscles of facial expression - Stapedius - Stylohyoid - Posterior belly of digastric
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| Which muscles (8) are derivatives of the 1st branchial arch? | - Temporalis - Masseter - Lateral pterygoid - Medial pterygoid - Mylohyoid - Anterior belly of digastric - Tensor tympani - Tensor veli palatini
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| Which muscles are derivatives of the 6th branchial arch? | All intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except the cricothyroid
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| Which pharyngeal arch does Reichert's cartilage develop from? | 2nd arch
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| Which teratogenic agent causes vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma? | DES
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| Which two branchial arches form the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? | 3rd and 4th arches
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| Which two embryonic tissues are branchial arches derived from? | Mesoderm and neural crests
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| Which week of fetal development have the genitalia taken on male/female characteristics? | Week 10
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