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Anatomy - Embryology
Anatomy from Embryology section of First Aid
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| After arising from the floor of the primitive pharynx, where does the thryoid diverticulum go? | It descends down into the neck |
| After the first breath at birth, what causes closure of the ductus arteriosus? | An increase in oxygen |
| After the first breath at birth, what causes the closure of the foramen ovale? | A decrease resistance in pulmonary vasculature causes increased left atrial pressure vs. right atrial pressure |
| Although the diaphragm descends during development, it maintains innervation from ____? | C3-C5 ("C3, 4, 5 - keeps your diaphragm alive!") |
| What are the site of fetal erythropoisis (in order as development progresses)? | Yolk, Liver, Spleen , Bone marrow ("Young Liver Synthesizes Blood") |
| At what time in the course of development is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens? | Weeks 3-8 |
| Deoxygenated blood from the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and ____ ____ to the lower body of the fetus. | ductus arteriosus |
| Do the cardiovascular structures arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm |
| Do the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm) |
| Do the enterochromaffin cells arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm) |
| Do the lungs arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm |
| Do the lymphatics arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm |
| Do the melanocytes arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm) |
| Do the neural crest cells arise from mesoderm, ectoderm, or endoderm? | Ectoderm |
| Do the odontoblasts arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm) |
| Do the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm) |
| Do the Schwann cells arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm) |
| Do the urogenital structures arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm |
| Does blood arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm |
| Does bone arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm |
| Does muscle arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm |
| Does the thyroid arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm |
| Does the adrenal cortex arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm |
| Does the ANS arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm) |
| Does the celiac ganglion arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm) |
| Does the dorsal root ganglion arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm) |
| Does the dura connective tissue arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm |
| Does the gut tube epithelium arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm |
| Does the liver arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm |
| Does the pancreas arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm |
| Does the parathyroid arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm |
| Does the pia arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Neural Crest (Ectoderm) |
| Does the serous linings of body cavities arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm |
| Does the spleen arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Mesoderm |
| Does the thymus arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? | Endoderm |
| From what does the ligamentum teres hepatis arise? | Umbilical vein |
| How does a bicornate uterus form? | Results from incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts |
| How does a cleft lip form? | Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes |
| How does a cleft palate form? | Failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process |
| How does a horseshoe kidney form? | Inferior poles of both kidneys fuse, as they ascend from the pelvis during development they get trapped under the inferior mesenteric artery, and remain low in the abdomen |
| How is meckel's diverticulum different than an omphalomesenteric cyst? | Omphalomesenteric cyst is a cystic dilatation of the vitelline duct |
| How long does full development of spermatogenesis take? | 2 months |
| How many arteries and veins does the umbilical cord contain? | - 2 umbilical arteries (carries deoxygenated blood away from fetus) - 1 umbilical vein (oxygenated blood to fetus) |
| Is a primary spermatocyte 2N or 4N? | 4N |
| Is a primary spermatocyte haploid or diploid? | Diploid, 4N |
| Is a secondary spermatocyte haploid or diploid? | Haploid, 2N |
| Is a secondary spermatocyte N or 2N? | 2N |
| Is a speratogonium haploid or diploid? | Diploid, 2N |
| Is a spermatid haploid or diploid? | Haploid, N |
| Meiosis I is arrested in which phase until ovulation? | Prophase |
| Meiosis II is arrested in which phase until fertilization? | Metaphase (an egg MET a sperm) |
| Most oxygenated blood reaching the heart via IVC is diverted through the ____ ____ and pumped out the aorta to the head. | foramen ovale |
| The right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to what adult heart structure? | Superior vena cava |
| The stapedius muscle of the ear is formed by which branchial arch? | 2nd |
| This type of bone formation consists of ossification of cartilaginous molds and forms long bones at primary and secondary centers. | Endochondral |
| True or False, blood in the umbilical vein is 100% saturated with oxygen? | False, it is 80% saturated |
| True or False, there are two types of spermatogonia? | True, type A and type B |
| What are the 1st branchial arch derivatives innervated by? | CN V2 and V3 |
| What are the 2nd branchial arch derivatives innervated by? | CN VII |
| What are the 3rd branchial arch derivatives innervated by? | CN IX |
| What are the 4th and 6th branchial arch derivatives innervated by? | CN X |
| What are the cartilage derivatives (5) of the 4th and 6th branchial arches? | - Thyroid - Cricoid - Arytenoids - Corniculate - Cuneiform |
| What are the five 2's associated with meckel's diverticulum? | - 2 inches long - 2 feet from the ileocecal valve - 2% of the population - Commonly presents in the first 2 years of life - May have 2 types of epithelia |
| What are the rule of 2's for the 2nd week of development? | - 2 germ layers: epiblast & hypoblast - 2 cavities: amniotic cavity & yolk sac - 2 components to the placenta: cytotrophoblast & syncytiotrophoblast |
| What are the rule of 3's for the 3rd week of development? | 3 germ layers (gastrula): ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| What can a persistent cervical sinus lead to? | A branchial cyst in the neck |
| What can be found in the cortex of the thymus? | It is dense with immature T cells |
| What can be found in the medulla of the thymus? | It is pale with mature T cells, epithelial reticular cells, and Hassall's corpuscles |
| What connects the thyroid diverticulum to the tongue? | The thyroglossal duct |
| What developmental contributions does the 5th branchial arch make? | none |
| What do the 2nd - 4th branchial clefts form, which are obliterated by proliferation of the 2nd arch mesenchyme? | Temporary cervical sinuses |
| What does aberrant development of the 3rd and 4th pouches cause? | DiGeorge's syndrome |
| What does the 1st aortic arch give rise to? | Part of the maxillary artery |
| What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch develop into? | Epithelial lining of the palantine tonsils |
| What does the 3rd aortic arch give rise to? | Common carotid artery and proximal part of the internal carotid artery |
| What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch develop into? | Superior parathyroids |
| What does the 5th aortic arch give rise to? | Nothing |
| What does the 5th pharyngeal pouch develop into? | C cells of the thyroid |
| What does the 6th aortic arch give rise to? | The proximal part of the pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus |
| What does the ductus arteriosus give rise to? | Ligamentum arteriosum |
| What does the ductus venosus shunt blood away from? | Liver |
| What does the first branchial cleft develop into? | The external auditory meatus |
| What does the foramen ovale give rise to? | Fossa ovalis |
| What does the left 4th aortic arch give rise to? | Aortic arch |
| What does the ligamentum venosum come from? | Ductus venosus |
| What does the notochord give rise to? | Nucleus Pulposus |
| What does the primitive atria give rise to? | Trabeculated left and right atrium |
| What does the primitive ventricle give rise to? | Trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricle |
| What does the right 4th aortic arch give rise to? | Proximal part of the right subclavian artery |
| What does the right horn of the sinus venosus give rise to? | Smooth part of the right atrium |
| What does the spleen arise from? | Dorsal mesentery, but is supplied by the artery of the foregut |
| What does the thymus arise from? | Epithelium of the 3rd branchial pouch |
| What does the thyroid diverticulum arise from? | The floor of the primitive pharynx |
| What does the truncus arteriosus give rise to? | The ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk |
| What does the umbilical arteries give rise to? | Medial umbilical ligaments |
| What ear muscle does the 1st branchial arch form? | Tensor tympani |
| What effect does 13-cis-retinoic acid have on the fetus? | Extremely high risk for birth defects |
| What effect does ACE inhibitors have on the fetus? | Renal Damage |
| What effect does iodide have on the fetus? | Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism |
| What effect does warfarin and x-rays have on the fetus? | Multiple anomalies |
| What effects does cocaine have on the fetus? | Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction |
| What embryonic structure are the smooth parts of the left and right ventricle derived from? | Bulbus cordis |
| What embryonic structure does the coronary sinus come from? | Left horn of the sinus venosus |
| What embryonic structure does the median umbilical ligament come from? | Allantois (urachus) |
| What fetal landmark has developed within week 2 of fertilization? | Bilaminar disk |
| What fetal landmark has occurred within week 1 of fertilization? | Implantation |
| What fetal landmark has occurred within week 3 of fertilization? | Gastrulation |
| What fetal landmarks (2) have developed within week 3 of fertilization? | Primitive streak and neural plate begin to form |
| What five things arise from neuroectoderm? | - Neurohypophysis - CNS neurons - Oligodendrocytes - Astrocytes - Pineal gland |
| What four structures make up the diaphragm? | - Septum transversum - pleuroperitoneal folds - body wall - dorsal mesentery of esophagus |
| What four things arise from surface ectoderm? | - Adenohypophysis - Lens of eye - Epithelial linings - Epidermis |
| What four things does Meckel's cartilage (from the 1st arch) develop into? | - Mandible - Malleus - Incus - Sphenomandibular ligament |
| What four things does Reichert's cartilage (from the 2nd arch) develop into? | - Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyoid - Stylohyoid ligament |
| What four things does the dorsal pancreatic bud become? | Body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct |
| What four things does the mesonephric (wolffian) duct develop into? | - Seminal vesicles - Epididymis - Ejaculatory duct - Ductus deferens |
| What induces the ectoderm to form the neuroectoderm (neural plate)? | Notochord |
| What is a hiatal hernia? | Abdominal contents herniate into the thorax due to incomplete development of the diaphragm |
| What is a hypospadias? | Abnormal opening of penile urethra on inferior side of penis due to failure of urethral folds to close |
| What is a single umbilical artery associated with? | Congenital and chromosomal anomalies |
| What is a urachal cyst or sinus a remnant of? | The allantois |
| What is an abnormal opening of penile urethra on superior side of penis due to faulty positioning of the genital tubercle? | Epispadias |
| What is associated with an epispadias? | Exstrophy of the bladder |
| What is Meckel's diverticulum? | Persistence of the vitelline duct or yolk sac |
| What is oligohydramnios associated with? | Bilateral renal agenesis or posterior urethral valves (in males) |
| What is oligohydramnios? | < 0.5 L of amniotic fluid |
| What is polyhydramnios associated with? | Esophageal/duodenal atresia, anencephaly |
| What is polyhydramnios? | > 1.5-2 L of amniotic fluid |
| What is Potter's syndrome? | Bilateral renal agenesis -> oligohydramnios --> limb and facial deformities and pulmonary hypoplasia. Caused by malformation of ureteric bud |
| What is the acrosome of sperm derived from? | Golgi apparatus |
| What is the female homologue to the corpus spongiosum in the male? | Vestibular bulbs |
| What is the female homologue to the prostate gland in the male? | Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene) |
| What is the female homologue to the scrotum in the male? | Labia majora |
| What is the female homologue to the ventral shaft of the penis in the male? | Labia minora |
| What is the sperm's flagellum (tail) derived from? | One of the centrioles |
| What is the food supply of sperm? | Fructose |
| What is the male homologue to the glans clitoris in the female? | Glans penis |
| What is the male homologue to the greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) in the female? | Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) |
| What is the most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract? | Meckel's diverticulum |
| What is the most common ectopic thyroid tissue site? | The tongue |
| What is the normal remnant of the thyroglossal duct? | Foramen cecum |
| What is the postnatal derivative of the notochord? | The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc |
| What is the site of T-cell maturation? | Thymus |
| What part of the gut is the pancreas derived? | Foregut |
| What suppresses the development of the paramesonephric ducts in males? | Mullerian inhibiting substance (secreted by the testes) |
| What teratogenic agent causes limb defects ('flipper' limbs)? | Thalidomide |
| What three structures does the 3rd pharyngeal pouch develop into? | - Thymus - Left inferior parathyroid - Right inferior parathyroid |
| What three things does the 1st pharyngeal pouch develop into? | - Middle ear cavity - Eustachian tube - Mastoid air cells |
| What three things does the paramesonephric (mullerian) duct develop into? | - Fallopian tube - Uterus - Part of the vagina |
| What three things does the ventral pancreatic bud become? | - Pancreatic head - uncinate process - main pancreatic duct |
| What two things occur during week 4 of fetal development? | Heart begins to beat, upper and lower limb buds begin to form |
| What type of bone formation is spontaneous without preexisting cartilage? | Intramembranous |
| What type of twins would have 1 placenta, 2 amniotic sacs, and 1 chorion? | Monozygotic twins |
| What type of twins would have 2 amniotic sacs and 2 placentas? | Monozygotic or dizygotic twins |
| What will DiGeorge's syndrome lead to? | T cell deficiency & hypocalcemia |
| When do primary oocytes begin meiosis I? | During fetal life |
| When do primary oocytes complete meiosis I? | Just prior to ovulation |
| When does fetal erythropoiesis occur in the bone marrow? | Week 28 and onward |
| When does fetal erythropoiesis occur in the liver? | Weeks 6-30 |
| When does fetal erythropoiesis occur in the spleen? | Weeks 9-28 |
| When does organogenesis occur in the fetus? | Weeks 3-8 |
| Where does positive and negative selection occur in the thymus? | At the corticomedullary junction |
| Where does spermatogenesis take place? | Seminferous tubules |
| Where is the first place fetal erythropoiesis occurs and when does this take place? | Yolk sac (3-8 wk) |
| Which aortic arch does the stapedial artery and the hyoid artery come from? | 2nd aortic arch |
| Which branchial arch are the greater horn of hyoid and the stylopharyngeus muscle derived from? | 3rd branchial arch |
| Which branchial arch does Meckel's cartilage develop from? | 1st arch |
| Which branchial arch forms the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? | 1st arch |
| Which branchial arch forms the incus and malleus of the ear? | 1st arch |
| Which ear bone(s) does the 2nd branchial arch form? | Stapes |
| Which embryonic tissue are branchial clefts derived from? | Ectoderm |
| Which embryonic tissue are branchial pouches derived from? | Endoderm |
| Which is more common a hypospadias or epispadias? | Hypospadias |
| Which muscles (3) are derivatives of the 4th branchial arch? | - Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - Levator veli palatini |
| Which muscles (4) are derivatives of the 2nd branchial arch? | - Muscles of facial expression - Stapedius - Stylohyoid - Posterior belly of digastric |
| Which muscles (8) are derivatives of the 1st branchial arch? | - Temporalis - Masseter - Lateral pterygoid - Medial pterygoid - Mylohyoid - Anterior belly of digastric - Tensor tympani - Tensor veli palatini |
| Which muscles are derivatives of the 6th branchial arch? | All intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except the cricothyroid |
| Which pharyngeal arch does Reichert's cartilage develop from? | 2nd arch |
| Which teratogenic agent causes vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma? | DES |
| Which two branchial arches form the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? | 3rd and 4th arches |
| Which two embryonic tissues are branchial arches derived from? | Mesoderm and neural crests |
| Which week of fetal development have the genitalia taken on male/female characteristics? | Week 10 |
Created by:
golfspy
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