Anatomy questions from histology section of First Aid
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| Define anisocytosis. | varying cell sizes
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| Define poikilocytosis | varying cell shapes
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| From which cells do B cells arise? | stem cells in bone marrow --> lymphoblast
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| From which cells do plasma cells differentiate? | B cells
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| Of microglia or oligodendroglia, which can be discerned with Nissl stain? | oligodendroglia appear as small dark nuclei with dark chromatin
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| Of microglia or oligodendroglia, which is undiscernable with Nissl stain? | Microglia are not discernable in a Nissl stain
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| In what type of CNS tissue (white or grey) are oligodendroglia predominant? | white matter
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| Into what cell type does a monocyte differentiate in tissues? | Macrophages
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| Name 2 substances produced by an eosinophil. | histiminase and arylsulfatase
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| Name the three types of leukocytic granulocytes. | basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
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| Name the two types of mononuclear leukocytes. | lymphocytes and monocytes
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| What are 2 functions of T cell lymphocytes? | - cellular immune response - regulation of B lymphocytes and macrophages
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| What are 2 morphological features of microglia? | - small irregular nuclei - and relatively little cytoplasm
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| What are 3 examples of peripheral lymphoid tissue? | - follicles of lymph nodes - white pulp of spleen - unencapsulated lymphoid tissue
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| What are 3 functions of a macrophage? | - pagocytosis of bacteria, cell debris, and senescent red cells - scavenges damaged cells and tissues - can function as an antigen presenting cell
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| What are 3 morphological characteristics of monocytes? | - Large - Kidney-shaped nucleus - Extensive 'frosted glass' cytoplasm
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| What are 4 characteristics of the plasma cell morphology? | - Off center nucleus - Clock face chromatin distribution - Abundant RER - Well developed Golgi apparatus
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| What are 4 morphologic characteristics of lymphocytes? | - Round - Small - Densely staining nucleus - Small amount of pale cytoplasm
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| What are 4 substances contained within the lysosomes of neutrophils? | - hydrolytic enzymes - lysozyme - myeloperoxidase - lactoferrin
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| What are 4 types of cells into which T cells differentiate? | - cytotoxic T cells (MHC I, CD8) - helper T cells (MHCII, CD4) - suppressor T cells - delayed hypersensitivity T cells
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| What are the 5 important causes for eosinophilia in humans? | Neoplastic, Asthma, Allergic process, Collagen vascular disease, and Parasites (NAACP)
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| What are the blood cell diffenentiation names of the ACTIVE T CELL line beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4) | - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - Lymphoblast - T cell - Active T cell
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| What are the blood cell differentiation names of the ERYTHROCYTE cell line beginning with pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4) | - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - Proerythroblast - Reticulocyte - Erythrocyte
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| What are the blood cell differentiation names of the MONOCYTE cell lines beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (3) | - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - Mono blast - Monocyte
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| What are the blood cell differentiation names of the NEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL, and BASOPHIL cell lines beginning with the myeloblast stage? (6) | - Myeloblast - Promyelocyte - Myelocyte - Metamyelocyte - Stab cell - Neutrophil, eosinophil or basophil
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| What are the blood cell differentiation names of the PLASMA CELL line beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4) | - Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - Lymphoblast - B cell - Plasma cell
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| What are the blood cell differentiation names of the PLATELET CELL line beginning with the hematopoietic stem cell? (4) | - Pluripotento hematopoietic stem cell - Megakaryoblast - Megakaryocyte - Platelets
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| What are the components of the air-blood barrier? | - Type I pneumocyte - tight junction - endothelial cell
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| What are the steps of maturation of a B cell? (2 points) | - maturation in the marrow - migration to peripheral lymphoid tissue
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| What are the substances contained within the densly basophilic granules of the basophil? (4) | - Heparin (anticoagulant) - histamine (vasodilator) - vasoactive amines - Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
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| What are two basic morphological characteristics of neutrophils? | - multilobed nucleus - large, spherical azurophilic primary granules (lysosomes)
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| What are two important functions of a neutrophil? | - acute inflammmatory response of a cell - phagocytosis
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| What are two names for an increased number of red cells? | Erythrocytosis and polycythemia
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| What cell type closely resembles a mast cell? | basophil
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| What cranial nerves are commonly involved in an acoustic neuroma? | CN VII, VIII (association with internal acoustic meatus)
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| What disease is characterized by destruction of oligodendroglia? | Multiple sclerosis
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| What does CD e.g., CD4+, stand for? | cluster of differentiation
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| What drug prevents mast cell degranulation? | Cromolyn sodium
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| What immunoglobulin can bind to the membrane of a mast cell? | IgE
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| What is a reticulocyte? | a baby (developing) erythrocyte
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| What is an important example of a Schwannoma? | Acoustic neuroma
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| What is another name for pulmonary sufractant? | DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine)
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| What is percentage of leukocytes in the blood exist as basophils? | less than 1%
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| What is the 'gap' between the myelination segment of 2 Schwann cells called? | Node of Ranvier
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| What is the advantage of the large surface area:volume ratio in erythrocytes? | easy gas exchange (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide)
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| What is the basic morphologic structure of an erythrocyte? | Anucleate, biconcave
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| What is the basic morphology of an eosinophil? (2 things) | - bilobate nucleus - packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size
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| What is the embryologic origin of microglia? | mesoderm
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| What is the function of Interferon gamma with relation to macrophages? | macrophage activation
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| What is the function of microglia? | phagocytosis in CNS
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| What is the function of oligodendroglia? | myelination of multiple CNS axons
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| What is the function of pulmonary surfactant? | lowers alveolar surface tension and prevents atelectasis
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| What is the function of Schwann cells? | myelination of PNS (a Schwann cell myelinates only one PNS axon)
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| What is the importance of the lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio? | 2.0 in fetal lung is indicative of fetal lung maturity
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| What is the importance of the physiologic chloride shift in erythrocytes? | Membranes contain the chloride bicarbonate antiport allowing the RBC to transport carbon dioxide from the the lung periphery for elimination.
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| What is the last segment of lung tissue in which ciliated cells are found? | respiratory bronchioles
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| What is the last segment of lung tissue in which goblet cells are found? | terminal broncioles (remember ciliated cells sweep away mucous produced by goblet cells and therefore run deeper)
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| What is the primary function of a basophil? | Mediates allergic reactions
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| What is the primary function of a leukocyte? | Defense against infections
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| What is the primary function of a mast cell? | Mediates allergic reactions
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| What is the primary function of a plasma cell? | production of large amounts of a specific antibody to a particular antigen
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| What is the primary source of energy for erythrocytes? | glucose (90% anaerobically degraded to lactate, 10% by HMP shunt)
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| What is the process of degranulation in mast cells? | release of histamine, heparin, and eosinophil chemotactic factors
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| What is the range of concentration for leukocytes in the blood? | 4,000 - 10,000 cells per microliter
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| What is the response of an eosiniphil to antigen antibody complexes? | high degree of phagocytosis
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| What is the response of microglia to tissue dammage? | transformation into large ameboid phagocytic cells
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| What is the response to microglia infected with HIV? | fusion to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS
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| What is the survival time for an erythrocyte? | 120 days
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| What pathognomonic change is seen in neutrophils of a person who is folate/vitamin B12 deficient? | hypersegmented polys
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| What percentage of leukocytes exist as eosinophils in the blood? | 1 - 6%
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| What percentage of leukocytes exist as neutrophils in the blood? | 40 - 75%
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| What percentage of leukocytes in blood are monocytes? | 2 - 10%
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| What process occurs when type I pneumocytes are damaged? | Type II pneumocytes develop into type I
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| What substance in eosinophilic granules is primarily responsible for defense against helminths and protozoan infections? | major basic protein
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| Where is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes? | Thymus
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| Which cell type constituitively secretes pulmonary surfactant? | Type II pneumocyte
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| Which cell type lines the alveoli? | Type I pneumocyte
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| Which leukemia is the result of plasma cell neoplasm? | Multiple myeloma
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| Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is a mast cell involved in? | Type I hypersensitivity reaction
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| Which type of immunity do B cells exhibit? | humoral immunity
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