Block 6 Soltez diencephalon
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| Diencephalon is part of what portion of the brain? | forebrain
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| What are the components of the diencephalon? | dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
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| What sensory pathway does NOT travel through the diencephalon? | olfaction
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| What separates the two halves of the diencephalon? | third ventricle
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| the diencephalon gives rise to what structures? | Thalamic nuclei
posterior pituitary
optic cup
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| Diencephalon is part of what portion of the brain? | forebrain
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| What are the components of the diencephalon? | dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
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| What sensory pathway does NOT travel through the diencephalon? | olfaction
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| What separates the two halves of the diencephalon? | third ventricle
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| the diencephalon gives rise to what structures? | Thalamic nuclei
posterior pituitary
optic cup
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| What part of diecephalon participates in a wide variety of functions that involve motor, sensory, and limbic systems? | Dosal thalamus
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| Where and what is the stratum zonale? | thin laminae of white matter on dorsal surface
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| Where and what is external medullary lamina | thin laminae of white matter on the lateral surface
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| What separates the external medullary lamina from the internal capsule of the thalamus? | layer of gray matter called the reticular nucleus
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| What are the three basic nuclear groups of the thalamus created by the internal medullary lamina? | the myelinated axons of the internal medullary lamina create anterior, medial and intralaminar nuclear groups
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| What is the purpose of the structure found in 80% of the population that spans the third ventricle? | interthalamic adhesion or massa intermedia joins the sides of thalamus
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| What is the neurotransmitter found in the reticular nucleus? | GABA - y-aminobutyric acid
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| Thalamic neurons exhibit what sort of complex activity? | reciprocal...may limit or inhibit themselves by signaling other inhibitory neurons
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| Where is the centromedian nucleus? Where does it send fibers? | intralaminar nucleus that projects to the striatum and motor areas of cortex
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| Where is the parafasicular nucleus? Where does it send fibers? | intralaminar nucleus that projects to the rostral and lateral areas of frontal lobe
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| What are two things affected by the centromedian nucleus and parafasicular nucleus? | Pain and Sleep
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| The Pulvinar receives input from where and sends fibers where? | receives input from superior colliculus and projects to visual association cortex
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| What very large nucleus is involved in interpretation of sensory stimuli for the formulation of complex behavioral responses? | pulvinar
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| Why are the Ventral Anterior (VA) and Ventral Lateral (VL) nuclei important? | important motor related nuclei
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| Dr. Soltesz loves what nuclei that convey somatosensory information to the cerebral cortex? | Ventral posterior Lateral (VPL)
Ventral posterior Medial (VPM)
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| What nucleus receives visual input from the retina via the optic tract and projects to the primary visual cortex? | Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
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| What nucleus receives auditory input from the branchium of the inferior colliculus and projects to the primary auditory cortex? | Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
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| Where does Fatal Familial Insomnia do it's damage? | Prion disease that destroys mediodorsal nucleus and anterior ventral nucleus
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| Hypothalamus big number one job? Other things it do... | Principal modulator of the ANS...and then visceromotor, viscerosensory and endocrine functions of the autonomic nervous system
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| Viscerosensory receptors of the hypothalamus respond to what? | BP, Blood osmolality, blood nutrient levels, hormone levels
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| Hypothalamus produces what hormones? Where and how does it send these hormones? | oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) are made and shipped to the posterior pituitary via the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
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| Where are the cells that are involved in cardiovascular function and regulation of food and water intake? | Lateral Hypothalamic Zone - a diffuse cluster of neurons
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| What three discreet nuclei are found in three regions of the medial hypothalamic zone? | Chiasmatic nuclei in chiasmatic region
Tuberal nuclei in tuberal region
Mammillary nuclei in mammillary region
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| What does chiasmatic nuclei do? | regulate hormone release, cardiovascular function, circadian rhythm, body temp
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| What does the tuberal nuclei do? | regulate food and water intake
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| What does the mammillary nuclei do? | elevate blood pressure, pupillary dilation, shivering, plus some feeding and memory work
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| What is another name for the Ventral Thalamus? Where is it located? | Subthalamus is found ventral to the dorsal thalamus.
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| What makes up the Subthalamus? | subthalamic nucleus
prerubral arear (field H of forel)
zone incerta
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| How does the subthalamic nucleus modulate motor activites? | It receives input from motor areas of cerebral cortex, projects axons to the substantia nigra and recipricates with globus pallidus
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| Why would you develop a lesion in the subthalamic nucleus? What would this be called? | Hemiballismus results from occlusion in posteromedial branches of posterior cerebral artery or posterior communicating artery.
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| What are the symptoms of a patient with ballism or hemiballismus? | wild flailing movements at proximal limbs (especially arms) of which they have no control
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| What are the two principal components of the epithalamus? | pineal gland
habenular nuclei
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| What afferent fibers carry signals from the septal area on medial surface of frontal lobe beneath the rostral end of corpus callosum to the habenular nuclei? | stria medullaris thalami
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| What enzyme, found where synthesizes melatonin from serotonin? | N-acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction in the pineal gland
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| When are levels of N-acetyltransferase highest in the pineal gland? So what stops it? Name for the process? | nighttime hours it is highest, light turns it off - called the circadian rhythm
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| What can cause precocious puberty? | destruction of pinealocytes by a tumor
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| What can delay puberty? | a tumor derived from pinealocytes
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| What is another name for the Fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert? | habenulointerpeduncular tract
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| Where would the axons of the habenulointerpeduncular tract begin and end? | start at habenular nuclei, end in interpeduncular tract
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| Newer research suggest what possible roles for the habenular nuclei? | mood, drive and cognition functions - if the habenular nuclei are disturbed abnormalities in the three occur
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| If a patient has an addiction, new research suggest their habenular nuclei may interact with what? | prominent serotonergic and dopaminergic systems
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| A patient presents with a somatosensory distubance caused by a vascular lesion. What are is most likely to have the lesion? What is the name? Where is the affected area? | Thalamic Pain syndrome arises from lesions on the ventral posterior part of the thalamus. It causes proprioceptoin, touch, pain and temp sensations contralaterally on the body
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| How does thalamic pain syndrome manifest itself in the patient? | Spontaneous pain that does not respond to analgesics, spontaneous laughing or crying, heightened irritation to normally pleasing stimuli - ex. Rachmaninov sounds like Rap music
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