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block6 neuro soltez
Block 6 Soltez diencephalon
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Diencephalon is part of what portion of the brain? | forebrain |
| What are the components of the diencephalon? | dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus |
| What sensory pathway does NOT travel through the diencephalon? | olfaction |
| What separates the two halves of the diencephalon? | third ventricle |
| the diencephalon gives rise to what structures? | Thalamic nuclei posterior pituitary optic cup |
| Diencephalon is part of what portion of the brain? | forebrain |
| What are the components of the diencephalon? | dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus |
| What sensory pathway does NOT travel through the diencephalon? | olfaction |
| What separates the two halves of the diencephalon? | third ventricle |
| the diencephalon gives rise to what structures? | Thalamic nuclei posterior pituitary optic cup |
| What part of diecephalon participates in a wide variety of functions that involve motor, sensory, and limbic systems? | Dosal thalamus |
| Where and what is the stratum zonale? | thin laminae of white matter on dorsal surface |
| Where and what is external medullary lamina | thin laminae of white matter on the lateral surface |
| What separates the external medullary lamina from the internal capsule of the thalamus? | layer of gray matter called the reticular nucleus |
| What are the three basic nuclear groups of the thalamus created by the internal medullary lamina? | the myelinated axons of the internal medullary lamina create anterior, medial and intralaminar nuclear groups |
| What is the purpose of the structure found in 80% of the population that spans the third ventricle? | interthalamic adhesion or massa intermedia joins the sides of thalamus |
| What is the neurotransmitter found in the reticular nucleus? | GABA - y-aminobutyric acid |
| Thalamic neurons exhibit what sort of complex activity? | reciprocal...may limit or inhibit themselves by signaling other inhibitory neurons |
| Where is the centromedian nucleus? Where does it send fibers? | intralaminar nucleus that projects to the striatum and motor areas of cortex |
| Where is the parafasicular nucleus? Where does it send fibers? | intralaminar nucleus that projects to the rostral and lateral areas of frontal lobe |
| What are two things affected by the centromedian nucleus and parafasicular nucleus? | Pain and Sleep |
| The Pulvinar receives input from where and sends fibers where? | receives input from superior colliculus and projects to visual association cortex |
| What very large nucleus is involved in interpretation of sensory stimuli for the formulation of complex behavioral responses? | pulvinar |
| Why are the Ventral Anterior (VA) and Ventral Lateral (VL) nuclei important? | important motor related nuclei |
| Dr. Soltesz loves what nuclei that convey somatosensory information to the cerebral cortex? | Ventral posterior Lateral (VPL) Ventral posterior Medial (VPM) |
| What nucleus receives visual input from the retina via the optic tract and projects to the primary visual cortex? | Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
| What nucleus receives auditory input from the branchium of the inferior colliculus and projects to the primary auditory cortex? | Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) |
| Where does Fatal Familial Insomnia do it's damage? | Prion disease that destroys mediodorsal nucleus and anterior ventral nucleus |
| Hypothalamus big number one job? Other things it do... | Principal modulator of the ANS...and then visceromotor, viscerosensory and endocrine functions of the autonomic nervous system |
| Viscerosensory receptors of the hypothalamus respond to what? | BP, Blood osmolality, blood nutrient levels, hormone levels |
| Hypothalamus produces what hormones? Where and how does it send these hormones? | oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) are made and shipped to the posterior pituitary via the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract |
| Where are the cells that are involved in cardiovascular function and regulation of food and water intake? | Lateral Hypothalamic Zone - a diffuse cluster of neurons |
| What three discreet nuclei are found in three regions of the medial hypothalamic zone? | Chiasmatic nuclei in chiasmatic region Tuberal nuclei in tuberal region Mammillary nuclei in mammillary region |
| What does chiasmatic nuclei do? | regulate hormone release, cardiovascular function, circadian rhythm, body temp |
| What does the tuberal nuclei do? | regulate food and water intake |
| What does the mammillary nuclei do? | elevate blood pressure, pupillary dilation, shivering, plus some feeding and memory work |
| What is another name for the Ventral Thalamus? Where is it located? | Subthalamus is found ventral to the dorsal thalamus. |
| What makes up the Subthalamus? | subthalamic nucleus prerubral arear (field H of forel) zone incerta |
| How does the subthalamic nucleus modulate motor activites? | It receives input from motor areas of cerebral cortex, projects axons to the substantia nigra and recipricates with globus pallidus |
| Why would you develop a lesion in the subthalamic nucleus? What would this be called? | Hemiballismus results from occlusion in posteromedial branches of posterior cerebral artery or posterior communicating artery. |
| What are the symptoms of a patient with ballism or hemiballismus? | wild flailing movements at proximal limbs (especially arms) of which they have no control |
| What are the two principal components of the epithalamus? | pineal gland habenular nuclei |
| What afferent fibers carry signals from the septal area on medial surface of frontal lobe beneath the rostral end of corpus callosum to the habenular nuclei? | stria medullaris thalami |
| What enzyme, found where synthesizes melatonin from serotonin? | N-acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction in the pineal gland |
| When are levels of N-acetyltransferase highest in the pineal gland? So what stops it? Name for the process? | nighttime hours it is highest, light turns it off - called the circadian rhythm |
| What can cause precocious puberty? | destruction of pinealocytes by a tumor |
| What can delay puberty? | a tumor derived from pinealocytes |
| What is another name for the Fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert? | habenulointerpeduncular tract |
| Where would the axons of the habenulointerpeduncular tract begin and end? | start at habenular nuclei, end in interpeduncular tract |
| Newer research suggest what possible roles for the habenular nuclei? | mood, drive and cognition functions - if the habenular nuclei are disturbed abnormalities in the three occur |
| If a patient has an addiction, new research suggest their habenular nuclei may interact with what? | prominent serotonergic and dopaminergic systems |
| A patient presents with a somatosensory distubance caused by a vascular lesion. What are is most likely to have the lesion? What is the name? Where is the affected area? | Thalamic Pain syndrome arises from lesions on the ventral posterior part of the thalamus. It causes proprioceptoin, touch, pain and temp sensations contralaterally on the body |
| How does thalamic pain syndrome manifest itself in the patient? | Spontaneous pain that does not respond to analgesics, spontaneous laughing or crying, heightened irritation to normally pleasing stimuli - ex. Rachmaninov sounds like Rap music |
Created by:
El Diablo
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