The Human Body in Health and Illness Chap 10
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| There are two parts of the nervous system what are called? | Central Nervous System
CNS
Peripheral Nervous System
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| Central Nervous System | Includes the brain and the spinal cord. Located in the dorsal cavity.
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| Peripheral Nervous System | Consists of the nerves that connect the CNS with the rest of the body.
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| Sensory Function | Sensory nerves gather information from inside the body and from the outside environment.
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| Integrative Function | Information brought to the CNS is processed or interpreted.
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| Motor Function | Motor nerves carry out the plans made by the CNS.
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| Neurotransmitters | The axon terminal of a neuron contains thousands of tiny vesicles that store chemical substances.
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| Inactivators | Substances that terminate the activity of of the neurotransmitters.
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| Receptors | Receptor sites are places on the membrane to which neurotransmitters attach or bind.
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| Dendrites | Treelike structures that receive information from other neurons and then transmit the information toward the cell body.
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| Axon Terminals | The of the axon has extensive branching to form hundreds to thousand axon terminals. Within the axon terminals that the chemical neurotransmitters are stored.
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| Acetylcholine | The most common neurotransmitter.
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| Brain Stem | The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
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| Midbrain | Relays sensory and motor information. Also contains nuclei that functions as reflex centers for vision and hearing.
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| Pons | Primarily tracts that act as a bridge for information traveling to and from several brain structures. Plays important role in the regulation of breathing rate and rhythm.
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| Medulla Oblongata | Often called the vital center. Relay for sensory and motor information. Control heart rate, respiration and blood pressure. Contains the vomiting center.
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| Four Major Areas of Brain | Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brain Stem and Cerebellum.
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| Cerebrum | The largest part of the brain. Divided into right and left hemispheres.
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| Four Lobes of the Cerebrum | The Frontal, the Parietal Lobe, the Temporal Lobe and the Occipital Lobe.
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| Frontal Lobe | Located in the front of the cranium underthe frontal bone. Motor area, personality; behavior; emotional expression; intellectual functions ("EXECUTIVE: FUNCTIONS); memory storage.
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| Parietal Lobe | Located behind the central sulcus. information from the body. Somatosensory area (especially from skin and muscel; taste; speech; reading)
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| Temporal Lobe | Inferior to the lateral fissure in an area above the ear. Hearing (auditory area); smell; (olfactory area); taste; memory storage; part of speech area.
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| Occipital Lobe | Back of the head, occipital bone. Vision; vision-relaed reflexes and functions(reading, judging distances, seeing in three dimensions)
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| Endorphins | Feel Good neurotransmitters.
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| Acetylcholinestrose | An enzyme that inactivates the neuro transmitter acetylcholine ACh when its
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| Precentral Gyrus | Is located in the frontal lobe directly in front of the central sulcus.
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| Central Sulcus | Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
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| Synaptic Cleft | A space that exists because the axon termainal of a nerve does not physically touch the dendrtite of a neuron of neuron.
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| Synapse | A synapse helps information move from one neuron to the next.
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| Gyri | Cerebrum is folded into elevations, speed bumps. Elevations are called convolutions or gyri. The bumpy service of the cerebrum has many markings or structures with names.
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| Sulcus | Gyri are separated by rooves called sulci, a deep sulci is called a fissure. Sulci and fissures separate the cerebrum into lobes.
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| Hypothalmas | Situated directly below the thalamus and helps reulate many body processes, including body temperature, water balance and metabolism. Also helps regulate involuntary nerve actions and exerts an effect on heart rate, blood pressure and respiration.
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| Diencephalon | Contains the thalmus and Hupothalmus.Located beneath the cerebrum and above the brain stem.
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| Thalmus | Serves as a relay station form most of the sensory fibers traveling from the lower brain and spinal cord region to the sensory areas.
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| Pituitary Gland | Located under the hypothalamus, it directly or indirectly affects almost every hormone in the body, it is directly controlled by the hypothalmus.
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| Cerebellum | It is the structure that protrudes from under the occipital lobe at the base of the skull. Smoothes out and coordinates voluntary muscle activity; helps in the maintenance of balance and muscle tone.
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| Reticular Formation | Mediates wakefuness and sleep.
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid | Third layer of protection of the CNS. Is formed from blood within the brain. It is clear, similar in composition to plasma. Circulates with the suarachnoid space, forming a cushion.
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| Astrocytes | Star shaped, they are the most abundant of the Neuroglia or glial cells. They support the nuerons and also form a protective barrier around the neurons of the CNS.
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| Myelin Sheath | A layer of white fatty material. Most long nerve fibers of the CNS and PNS are encased by a myelin sheath.
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| White Matter | White because of the myelin.
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| Gray Matter | composed primarily of cell bodies, interneurons and unmyelinated fibers.
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| Polarization | Resting state of the neuron, no nerve impulse, the middle of the neuron is more negative than the outside. -
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| Depolarization | When the neuron is stimulated, inside changed from negative to positive, allows sodium ions Na+ to cross the membrane into the cell.
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| Repolarization | Inside is negative,returns to resting state.It stops the diffusion of Na+ and allow K+ potasium to diffuse out of the cell.
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| Primary Motor Cortex | Nerve impulses that originate in the motor area control voluntary muscle movement. In the frontal lobe.
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| Broca's Area | Area concerned with motor speech.
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| Parkinson Disease | Defiecency of dopamine.
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| Bell's Palsy | CN VII, facial nerves, facial expression is absent on the affected side of the face. Called Bell's Palsy.
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| Interneurons | Found in the CNS only. Form connections between sensory and motor neurons. Thinking, learning and memory.
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| Motor Neurons | Carries infromation form the CNS toward the periphery. Also called efferent.
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| Nerve Impulse/Action Potential | Conveys information, a nerve impulse must move the length of the neuron. Fire in an all or nothing manner.
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| Puncture Site | L3-L4
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| Spinal Cord | Approximately 17 inches.
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| Reflexes | is an involuntary response to a stimuli.
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| Cranial Nerves Part 1 | Functions are sensory information the the special senses; smell, taste vision. Sensory information the the general senses; touch, pressure, pain, temperature and vibration
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| Cranial Nerves Part 2 | Motor information; contraction of skeletal muscles. Motor information that results in the secretion of glands and the contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle.
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| Subarachnoid Space | Lies between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
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| Meninges | Connective tissue thas surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Second layer of protection. Bone, Meninges (PAD)Cerebrospinal fluid, Blood Brain Barrier. Four Layes of protection.
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| Cervical | C1 through C4 Skin and muscles of the neck and shoulder, diaphragm. Spinal Nerves
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| Brachial | C5 to C8, T1 Skin and muscles of the upper extremities.
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| Lumbosacral | T1, l1 TO l5 S1 to S4 Skin and muscle of lower torso and lower extremites.
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| Spinal Nerves | Cervical (8), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5) and Cocchgeal (1).
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| I Olfactory | Sensory Sense of smell.
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| II Optic | Sensory Sense of sight.
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| III Oculomotor | Mixed (Mostly motor) Movement of eyeball, raising of eyelid, changes in pupil size.
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| IV Trochlear | Mixed (mostly motor) Movement of eyeball.
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| V Trigeminal | Mixed Chewing of food, sensations in face, scalp, cornea (eye) and teeth.
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| VI Abducens | Mixed (mostly motor) Movement of eyeball.
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| VII Facial | Mixed Facial expressions, secretion of saliva and tears,taste, blinking.
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| VIII Vestibulocochlear | Sensory Sense of hearing and balance.
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| IX Glossopharyngeal | Mixed Swallowing, secretion of saliva, taste, sensory for the reflex, regulation of blood pressure, part of the gag relex.
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| X Vagus | Mixed Visceral muscle movement and sensations, especially movement and secretion of the disgestive system, sensory for relex regulation of blood pressure.
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| XI Accessory | Mised (mostly motor) Swallowing, head and shoulder movement, speaking.
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| XII Hypoglossal | Mixed (mostly motor) Speech and swallowing.
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