Chem. Level-Organic
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| Organic Compound | Contain C, usually H, and has covalent bonds.
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| Carbohydrate | 1C:1H2O ("watered carbon")
"Chemical Energy"
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| Monomers of carbohydrates | Monosaccharides
"simple sugars" have 3-7 Cs, indicated by name. Tri-oses, pent-oses, hex-oses...
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| 2 monosaccharides combined by dehydration synthesis | Disaccharides
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| 3 examples of disaccharides | Sucrose= glucose + fructose (both hexoses)
Lactose= glucose + galactose ("")
Maltose= glucose + glucose
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| Polysaccharides | 10s to 100s of monosaccharides
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| 3 examples of polysaccharides | Cellulose (from plants. can NOT be broken down)
Starch (from plants. CAN be broken down)
Glycogen (from humans. Stored glucose chains)
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| Lipid | 18-25% body mass on lean adults.
C, H, O (NOT 1C:1H2O/ NOT 2H:1O). Hydrophobic.
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| 3 forms of Fatty Acid Chains/fats or oils, structure, and examples. | 1.Saturated (Each C has max H) ("bad fat"- solid at room temp- red meat,dairy).2. Monounsaturated (1 double bond in hydrocarbon chain/1 kink, "good fat"- olive oil, almonds, avos)3. Polyunsaturated (>1 double bond/>1 kink, "best fat"-fish+sunflower oil
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| Turns unsaturated fatty acid into saturated fatty acid. | heat and pressure (does what to fat?)
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| Lipids essential to human life, but not found in body. Give ratio. | Essential fatty acids (Omega 3s-flax seeds, fish oils, walnuts) (Omega 6s- bread, white rice, meat, eggs) Best ratio is 3:1. Cis-fat.
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| Used to make phospholipids and triglycerides. Broken down to make ATP. | Fatty Acids
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| 2 structures of unsaturated fatty acids | Cis-fat (Hs on same side of C=C)(Nutritionally benificial) + Heat and Pressure (hydrogenation)= Trans-Fat (Hs on opposite side of C=C)(unhealthy.higher cholesterol)
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| Bad type of cholesterol | LDL low density lipoprotein. Increased with more trans-fats. Transport cholesterol from liver to cells. In excess promotes thickening of artery walls.
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| Good type of cholesterol. | HDL high density lipoprotein. Decreased with trans-fats. Removes excess cholesterol from cells, reducing blood cholesterol levels, and bring to liver for elimination.
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| Phospholipid | 2 fatty acid chains (uncharged means hydrophobic) and a phosphate group with N(+ charge means hydrophilic). Found in most cell membranes.
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| Sterol | A hydroxal (alcohol,"-ol", -OH) group attached to the 4 carbon rings. Type of steroid including cholesteral, cortisol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone, Vitamin D, and
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| Proteins | Large, complex molecules containing C,H,O, and N, and maybe some S. Many roles.
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| Catalyst proteins. | Enzymes
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| % body mass is protein | 12-18%
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| Monomer of proteins. | Amino Acids (20 types)
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| Structure of amino acids | An H and 3 groups attached to a central C. 3 groups: amino (base, -NH2) group, acid (carboxyl, -COOH) group, and a side chain.
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| Unique chemical identity of an amino acid. | Side chain. 20 types.
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| Process that breaks down proteins. | Hydrolysis / heat and pressure
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| Term for loss of function and shape | Denaturation
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| Enzyme structure and function | Apoenzyme (protein portion) and Cofactor (non-protein portion, usually a metal). Catalyst.
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| Properties of enzymes | Under a variety of cell controls. Highly efficient (reactions 100mill-100bill x faster). Highly selective (each enzyme binds to specific substrates/reactant molecule).
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| co-enzyme | works with the enzyme/catalyst. Is usually a vitamin.
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| Nucleic acid structure, monomers, and location | Huge organic molecules (chains)containing H,C, O, N, and P, made of repeating nucleotides, found in a cell's nucleus. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the structure.
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| 2 Forms of nucleic acids | DNA (double stranded helix containing genetic info/made of genes)
RNA (relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell's synthesis of proteins from amino acids, single stranded)
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| Nucleotides of DNA | Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
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| Nulceotides of RNA | adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
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| Amino acids are held together by what? | Peptide bonds (covalent bonds between c of acid group and N of amino/base group)= proteins
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| Phases of cellular metabolism | Anaerobic (Without oxygen, glucose only partially broken down into Pyruvic Acid and a couple ATP molecules) Aerobic (With oxygen, glucose is completely broken down into CO2 and H20 and the released E makes 36 or 38 ATP molecules)
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| ATP | catabolized (exergonic reaction) to power cellular activities (endergonic reactions)
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