Sociology Ch 4-8
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Achieved Status | show 🗑
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| Ascribed Status | show 🗑
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| show | a status that is so important that it overrides other statuses you may hold.
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| show | when a society has little division of labor and a strong emphasis on group commitment leaving little room for deviance from group norms and beliefs.
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| show | when a society relies on a large, complex and hierarchical division of labor, where cultural diversity and individualism are common.
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| show | behaviors expected of someone of a certain status.
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| show | the patterns of beliefs and behaviors that help a society meet its basic needs.
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| Social Status | show 🗑
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| show | the social patterns through which a society is organized.
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| show | a group of people who live within a defined territory and who share a culture.
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| Status Set | show 🗑
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| show | objects that signify a particular status.
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| show | relies on plow and wheel technologies to increase food production.
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| Cultural diffusion | show 🗑
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| Cultural lag | show 🗑
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| show | when something completely new is observed or found.
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| show | theory of social change in which it is argued that changes within one social institution cause changes in other social institutions until order is restored
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| Foraging society | show 🗑
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| Horticultural society | show 🗑
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| show | uses machines and factories as the primary mode of production.
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| show | when something new is created from things that already exist
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| Multilinear Evolution Theory | show 🗑
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| Pastoral society | show 🗑
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| Postindustrial society | show 🗑
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| Unilinear Evolution Theory | show 🗑
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| Dramaturgical Approach | show 🗑
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| show | ways of communicating that do not involve talking.
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| show | events that mark an individual’s transition from one status to another.
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| show | occurs when the roles of our statuses conflict with each other.
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| show | occurs when the expectations of one status cause the individual to strain in an effort to meet all the expectations.
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| Social Interaction | show 🗑
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| Social Construction of Reality | show 🗑
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| Impression Management | show 🗑
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| Aggregate | show 🗑
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| Category | show 🗑
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| show | consists of two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and who share a common identity.
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| In-group | show 🗑
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| Out-group | show 🗑
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| show | usually small and is characterized by extensive interaction and strong emotional ties that endure over time.
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| show | a group that sets a standard for guiding our own behavior and attitudes.
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| show | larger, more impersonal and often exist for a relatively short time to achieve a specific purpose.
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| Social change | show 🗑
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| Social movement | show 🗑
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| show | the totality of relationships that link us to other people and groups and through them to still other people and other groups.
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| show | a behavior pattern where people are less likely to act if they think others will.
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| Dyad | show 🗑
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| show | A behavior pattern when people go along with the desires and views of a group against their better judgments.
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| Iron Law of Oligarchy | show 🗑
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| show | a three-person group.
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| show | structure is the patterns that a society is organized around like statuses while social interaction is different ways individuals interact. structure would be macro bc its all of society, interaction would be micro because its looking at individuals
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| Explain the difference between an ascribed status and an achieved status. Why would someone have a master status? | show 🗑
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| show | A social role is basically a behavior expected of someone with a certain status. For example, if you have the social status of being a teacher, your role would be to act in a professional manner and teach your students well.
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| Name the components that make up social structure. | show 🗑
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| show | Mechanical solidarity is when a society has little division of labor and and strong emphasis on group commitment leaving little room for defiance, while organic solidarity relies on a large hierarchical division of labor where individualism is common
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| show | Foraging, Horticultural, Pastoral, Agricultural, Industrial, Postindustrial
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| show | society that hunts and gathers food
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| What is a horticultural society? | show 🗑
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| What is a pastoral society? | show 🗑
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| What is a agricultural society? | show 🗑
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| show | society that use factories and machines
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| What is a postindustrial society? | show 🗑
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| show | He argues that cultural diffusion of inventions and discoveries across social boundaries causes social change, which leads us into cultural lag because those technologies have diffused into other cultures, but the behavioral norms lag behind
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| Describe how people construct their reality. What is the role of symbols here? | show 🗑
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| Give one example of a rite of passage and explain how this practice helps a society function. | show 🗑
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| show | Impression management is when people interact, they try to convey a positive impression to the people around them. The dramaturgical approach is a micro viewpoint because it is looking at groups of people and how they act within their own “play”
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| What is the difference between role strain and role conflict? | show 🗑
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| show | a social category is collections of people who have an attribute in common but do not necessarily interact, while an aggregate is a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time but do not necessarily interact
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| show | 2 or more people
interactions between members
shared identity
shared expectations
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| show | a primary group is a typically small close knit group that interacts for a long time while a secondary group is a typically larger group that meets to complete a specific task. An example of primary is family and secondary is my sociology class
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| Define a reference group and describe one example. | show 🗑
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| show | the in group is what group you are actively a part of and the outgroup is any group you do not identify with.
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| Define social network and describe one example. | show 🗑
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| Explain what social change is and the role of social movements in social change | show 🗑
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| what are the four stages of a social movement. | show 🗑
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| what happens in the emergence stage of a social movement? | show 🗑
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| what happens in the coalescence stage of a social movement? | show 🗑
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| what happens in the institutionalization/bureaucratization stage of a social movement? | show 🗑
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| show | end of mass mobilization
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| show | repression, co-optation, success, and failure, and establishment within the mainstream.
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| List and explain the pros and cons of a small group versus a large group. | show 🗑
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| Discuss the Asch Experiment and why its findings are so important to the field of sociology. | show 🗑
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| show | its important because it shows how far people are willing to go to obey authority and how this shows that the holocaust was possible because the teachers went far enough to possibly kill a person just to obey
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| show | groupthink is the process of going along with a group's desires and views against one's better judgment. an example of this would be the challenger space shuttle disaster because they knew about faulty parts but continued anyway to not gain bad press
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| show | the bystander effect, an observable social pattern where people are less likely to act if they think others will. An example of this would be when a woman was mugged, and nobody helped and when asked why, they said they thought someone else would help.
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| Explain Michels’ Iron Law of Oligarchy and give one example. | show 🗑
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| Crime | show 🗑
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| Deviance | show 🗑
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| Formal social control | show 🗑
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| Informal social control | show 🗑
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| Relativity of deviance | show 🗑
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| Social control | show 🗑
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| Differential Association Theory | show 🗑
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| Differential Justice Theory | show 🗑
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| show | Different social classes have distinct patterns of crime due to differential access to institutionalized means.
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| Labeling Theory | show 🗑
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| show | Deviance results from weak bonds to conventional social institutions and social groups, as well as a lack of internalization of expected cultural norms.
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| Social Disorganization Theory | show 🗑
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| show | Certain social and physical characteristics of neighborhoods with higher rates of deviance contribute to this deviance. These characteristics include dysfunctional social institutions, poverty, dilapidation, population density and population turnover.
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| show | Deviance results from the gap between the cultural emphasis on economic success and the inability to achieve such success through legitimate means by some individuals or groups.
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| Conventional crime | show 🗑
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| White-collar crime | show 🗑
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| Corporate crime | show 🗑
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| Victimless crime | show 🗑
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| What is deviance? What is crime? Provide examples of each | show 🗑
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| What are social control, informal social control and formal social control? | show 🗑
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| How is deviance relative to space and time? Give examples of each. | show 🗑
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| show | clarifies social norms, strengthens social bonds among people reacting to the deviant, and help lead to positive social change
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| Explain the social ecology theory and outline the criminogenic neighborhood characteristics identified by researchers. | show 🗑
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| n his strain theory, what did Robert Merton say was the cause of deviance? What are the 5 adaptations associated with societal goals? | show 🗑
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| According to status frustration theorists, what would cause someone to join a deviant subculture group? | show 🗑
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| show | poor people and minorities don’t have as much easy access to attorneys, private investigators, etc within the legal system, meanwhile the rich commit crimes with no fear of conviction. Justice is based on inequalities/conflicts past the crimes in court
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| According to feminist theorists, how does the experience of women differ within the U.S. system of criminal justice? | show 🗑
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| show | attribute deviance to various aspects of the social interaction and social processes that normal individuals experience.
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| show | the saints and the roughnecks were two delinquent groups but one was from middle class and the other low class, respectively. It helps understand because we learn one has no consequences and the other has severe ones even though it was the same deviance
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| How does the perception that people have about crime different from the reality of crime? What are the general trends in violent and property crimes? | show 🗑
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| show | Conventional crime is the violent and property offenses that worry average citizens more than any other type of crime. Men tend to commit more crimes, minorities are more likely to be victimized as well as young people and lower income people
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| Which groups are most likely to commit and be arrested for conventional crimes (including gender and race). Why? | show 🗑
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| What is orate crime? Provide an example. | show 🗑
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| show | crime where people willingly engage and there are no unwilling victims. I think they do more harm, because people will do drugs and all these things anyway, whether it is legal, or illegal, so might as well make it legal
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| What is the get-tough approach associated with the U.S. criminal justice system? What are the outcomes of this approach? How effective is this approach? | show 🗑
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| What is an example of clarifying social norms in Durkheim's three functions deviance serves for society? | show 🗑
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| What is an example of strengthening social bonds in Durkheim's three functions deviance serves for society? | show 🗑
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| What is an example of leading to social change in Durkheim's three functions deviance serves for society? | show 🗑
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| show | conform to the cultural norms and remain good, law-abiding citizens
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| What is the goal of Merton's idea of adaptation called innovation? | show 🗑
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| show | continue to work their job with a hope of improving their life, no deviant behavior
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| What is the goal of Merton's idea of adaptation called retreatism? | show 🗑
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| show | reject both the goal and means of achieving it, but also work actively to bring a new society with a new value system
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| What is the symbolic interactionist theory on deviance called differential association theory about? | show 🗑
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| What is the symbolic interactionist theory on deviance called social control theory about? | show 🗑
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| show | Deviance results from being labeled a deviant.
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| show | how well people do in such areas as education, income and health.
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| show | a system of ranking in which groups of people have differential access to wealth, power and prestige.
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| show | a system of social stratification where people are born into unequal groups based on their parents’ status and remain in these groups throughout their lives.
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| Classless Society | show 🗑
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| Class System of Stratification | show 🗑
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| Closed System of Stratification | show 🗑
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| Estate System of Stratification | show 🗑
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| Open System of Stratification | show 🗑
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| Power | show 🗑
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| show | the respect of regard given to an individual.
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| show | a form of caste system in which an individual’s race determines their position in the stratification system.
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| Slave System of Stratification | show 🗑
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| show | the up or down change in position of an individual or group within a system of social stratification.
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| show | the total value of an individual or family, including income, stocks and bonds, real estate, and other assets.
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| Conflict Theory of Stratification | show 🗑
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| False Class Consciousness | show 🗑
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| Functionalist Theory of Stratification | show 🗑
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| Ideology | show 🗑
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| show | a type of social movement that seeks limited, though still significant changes in some aspect of a nation’s political, economic or social systems.
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| Social Movement | show 🗑
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| Symbolic Interaction Theory of Stratification | show 🗑
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| Intragenerational Mobility | show 🗑
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| show | social mobility from one generation to the next within the same family.
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| Lower Class | show 🗑
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| show | the social group positioned between the upper and working classes who typically work in white-collar occupations and who have a moderate standard of living.
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| show | the movement of an individual or group up or down in position within a stratification system.
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| show | the social standing of an individual or family in relation to others based on measures such as education, income and/or occupation.
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| show | social mobility of a group of people up or down the social class ladder in response to changes within society.
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| Upper Class | show 🗑
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| show | the social group positioned between the middle and lower classes who typically work blue-collar occupations and who are economically vulnerable.
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| show | a theory in which it is claimed the poor have beliefs and values that differ from the non-poor, and it is these beliefs and values that contribute to their poverty.
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| Economic Inequality | show 🗑
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| Episodic Poverty | show 🗑
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| Feminization of Poverty | show 🗑
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| Poverty Line | show 🗑
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| show | family incomes below double the poverty line.
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| show | social stratification is the rankings of people based on things like wealth or other resources that are valued (like power).
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| show | closed systems mean a person has almost no chance of rising up or falling down the stratification ladder so they are typically placed into stratas at birth (ascribed)
open systems means people have more chance of moving up or down the ladder (achieved)
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| What is slavery? What are the conditions that lead individuals to be enslaved? Provide examples. | show 🗑
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| show | The control of land. the landed gentry or nobility and the peasants or serfs. the landed gentry owned huge expanses of land where the serfs would work. they had more freedoms than slaves but still lived in poverty
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| What is a caste system? What is racial caste? Provide examples. | show 🗑
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| What is a class system? According to Max Weber, what are the 3 components of class rank? | show 🗑
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| show | they say stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge and skills to enter important occupations. necessary and inevitable
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| show | difficult to compare the importance of jobs, higher importance = higher pay is not true in reality, people moving up the social ladder strictly by merit is also not true, does not explain the extremes of wealth and poverty
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| show | they say stratification results from lack of opportunity and from discrimination and prejudice against the poor, women, and people of color. not necessary but not inevitable
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| How do conflict theorists tie together ideology and false class consciousness? | show 🗑
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| show | they say stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles, daily interactions and conceptions of themselves
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| show | organized efforts by a large number of people to bring about social, political, economic or cultural change
they challenge systems of stratification through reform movements. they do not attempt to overthrow but instead work to improve conditions
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| How is social class measured objectively? | show 🗑
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| Outline the traits of the upper class | show 🗑
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| show | annual incomes range from $50,000 to $199,999, upper middle class ($100,000-$199,999) and lower middle class ($50,000-$99,999, white collar jobs)
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| show | annual incomes range from $25,000-$49,999 (blue collar jobs like construction, or restaurant service), many at risk of unemployment
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| show | annual incomes under $25,000, many unemployed or low skill jobs
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| What is social mobility? | show 🗑
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| Distinguish between and provide examples of intergenerational mobility, intragenerational mobility and structural mobility. | show 🗑
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| What are the research findings related to social mobility in the U.S.? | show 🗑
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| What is economic inequality? | show 🗑
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| To what degree does economic inequality exist in the U.S.? | show 🗑
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| show | a family whose income is lower than 3x the cost of a very minimal diet is considered poor
critiques: does not count energy, transportation, housing, childcare or healthcare, it also does not mention regional differences
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| show | twice poverty is families that have an income below double the poverty line
it is significant because it shows more accurately how many people struggle with poverty in America
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| show | all racial minorities are more poor compared to the white group, the rate of child poverty is the highest of any age group, children with two parents much less likely to be in poverty than others, more education typically has less chance of poverty
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| What is the individual explanation of poverty. | show 🗑
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| What is the structural explanation of poverty. | show 🗑
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| show | greater risk for family problems,
greater risk for health problems,
greater risk for inadequate schooling
greater risk of homelessness/inadequate housing
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| show | the level of poverty at which an individual is struggling to meet basic needs, such as adequate nutrition and shelter.
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| Economic Inequality | show 🗑
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| Episodic Poverty | show 🗑
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| Gini Coefficient | show 🗑
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| Global Stratification | show 🗑
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| High-Income Nation | show 🗑
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| Human Development Index | show 🗑
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| show | least industrialized nations which primarily subsist on agricultural production, characterized by high levels of poverty and economic and political marginalization.
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| Middle-Income Nation | show 🗑
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| show | A composite measure accounting for social well-being used to the United Nations Development Programme to measure poverty.
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| Adult literacy rate | show 🗑
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| Child Mortality Rate | show 🗑
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| Life Expectancy | show 🗑
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| Malnutrition | show 🗑
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| Maternal mortality | show 🗑
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| Dependency Theory | show 🗑
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| Modernization Theory | show 🗑
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| Crude Birth Rate | show 🗑
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| show | The number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
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| Demography | show 🗑
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| show | migration that occurs within a country’s borders.
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| show | the number of people moving out of a region for every 1,000 people in the region.
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| show | the number of live births.
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| General Fertility Rate | show 🗑
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| Immigration | show 🗑
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| show | migration that occurs across national borders.
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| Migration | show 🗑
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| show | the number of deaths.
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| Net Migration Rate | show 🗑
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| show | The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.
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| Total Fertility Rate | show 🗑
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| show | A theory on pop. growth that shows trends in birth and death rates over time, showing a correlation between population growth and form of society, and which predicts that with industrialization, population growth naturally slows and eventually declines.
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| show | promotes the idea that pop. growth increases exponentially and increase in food production occurs arithmetically, resulting in a growing gap between the size of the population and the ability to produce enough food to feed the pop.
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| show | The consequences predicted to result from this gap are mass starvation and conflict over increasingly scarce resources.
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| show | the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
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| show | a graphic representation of the age and sex structure of a given society.
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| show | Policies aimed at encouraging women to have more children.
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| show | A neo-Malthusian theory that espoused the idea that population growth will outstrip food resources as well as non-renewable resources, prompting the call for reduction in fertility.
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| show | The rise and growth of cities
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| What is global stratification and to what degree does global inequality exist? | show 🗑
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| show | the large gap between the high and low income nations, and comparisons of the degree of economic inequality found in each nation
0 to 1, 0 same income for everyone, 1 means one person has all income , closer to 1 higher degree of economic inequality
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| How does global poverty impact human development related to life expectancy, child mortality and malnutrition? In which world regions are higher rates of illiteracy found, and how is illiteracy related to gender inequality? | show 🗑
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| What evidence exists that demonstrates females and children are more severely affected by poverty than adult males? | show 🗑
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| Compare and contrast the modernization and dependency theories of global stratification. | show 🗑
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| show | the study of changes in the size and and composition of population
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| show | the number of live births
crude birth rate (number of live births per 1000 people in pop.), general fertility rate (number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-44), total fertility rate (avg # of children a woman is expected to have)
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| What is replacement level fertility? Why is this an important demographic indicator? | show 🗑
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| What are the trends in total fertility rates in the U.S., and when comparing higher income with lower income nations? What explains these trends? | show 🗑
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| What is mortality and how is mortality measured? | show 🗑
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| show | immigration: move into a region
emigration: move out of a region
net migration: immigration minus emigration
domestic migration: migration within a country's borders
international migration: migration across national borders
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| show | the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate
several Africans nations grow at least 3% per year
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| show | it increases with industrialization because there is more medical and other types of advances that make the fertility and life expectancy of people longer
expected to grow but at a smaller rate, reach a peak, then start to decline
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| show | incentives for women to give birth to more children
because the longer life expectancy and declining birth rate is making it harder to fill jobs and collect taxes, etc
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| What is a population pyramid and how do population pyramids correlate with the demographic transition model? | show 🗑
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| show | rise and growth of cities
by 2030 almost ⅔ is predicted to live in urban areas,
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| Outline the pros and cons to increased urbanization? | show 🗑
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| show | were some of the first to industrialize, more healthy and educated, contribute more to climate change
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| show | generally industrialized, but it ranges, are ⅓ of the world's population, high levels of poverty, upper and lower middle income
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| How do low income nations differ regarding geographic location, economic characteristics and global power? | show 🗑
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| show | They determine poverty by the poverty line being $1.90 per person per day, this is also called absolute poverty
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| how does Human development index explain poverty? | show 🗑
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| how does multidimensional poverty index explain poverty? | show 🗑
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| What is the Malthusian theory? | show 🗑
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| What is the zero population growth theory? | show 🗑
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| What are the 5 stages of the demographic transition theory? | show 🗑
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
hoppc
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