Sociology Ch 4-8
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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show | a status you achieve at some point after birth that is understood as a position you have more control over.
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Ascribed Status | show 🗑
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show | a status that is so important that it overrides other statuses you may hold.
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show | when a society has little division of labor and a strong emphasis on group commitment leaving little room for deviance from group norms and beliefs.
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show | when a society relies on a large, complex and hierarchical division of labor, where cultural diversity and individualism are common.
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show | behaviors expected of someone of a certain status.
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Social Institution | show 🗑
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show | the position that someone occupies in society.
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show | the social patterns through which a society is organized.
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show | a group of people who live within a defined territory and who share a culture.
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show | all the positions an individual occupies.
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Status Symbols | show 🗑
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Agricultural society | show 🗑
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show | the process of ideas, norms and values moving across cultural borders.
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show | when people’s behavior does not reflect the regular usage of the latest technologies.
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Discoveries | show 🗑
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show | theory of social change in which it is argued that changes within one social institution cause changes in other social institutions until order is restored
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show | acquires food mainly by foraging.
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show | uses hand tools to grow a few specific crops in one location until the soil nutrients is depleted.
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show | uses machines and factories as the primary mode of production.
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show | when something new is created from things that already exist
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Multilinear Evolution Theory | show 🗑
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show | herds a specific species of domesticated animal for the purpose of milk and meat as food sources.
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Postindustrial society | show 🗑
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show | a theory on societal transformation that theorizes that societies evolve in the same manner as organisms, moving from an unorganized animalistic state to organized civilizations.
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show | the idea that we can understand social interaction as if it were a theatrical performance.
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Nonverbal communication | show 🗑
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Rites of Passage | show 🗑
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show | occurs when the roles of our statuses conflict with each other.
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Role Strain | show 🗑
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Social Interaction | show 🗑
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show | how individuals who interact help construct the reality of the situation in which they interact.
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show | When people interact, they routinely try to convey a positive impression of themselves to the people with whom they interact.
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show | a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time but who otherwise do not necessarily interact or have a common identity.
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show | a collection of individuals who have at least one attribute in common but otherwise do not necessarily interact.
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show | consists of two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and who share a common identity.
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In-group | show 🗑
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show | groups that we are not in and that we would describe as “they”.
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show | usually small and is characterized by extensive interaction and strong emotional ties that endure over time.
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show | a group that sets a standard for guiding our own behavior and attitudes.
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show | larger, more impersonal and often exist for a relatively short time to achieve a specific purpose.
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Social change | show 🗑
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show | intentional actions done collectively by a group who has organized to change something society
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show | the totality of relationships that link us to other people and groups and through them to still other people and other groups.
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show | a behavior pattern where people are less likely to act if they think others will.
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show | a two-person group
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show | A behavior pattern when people go along with the desires and views of a group against their better judgments.
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Iron Law of Oligarchy | show 🗑
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show | a three-person group.
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Discuss the relationship between social structure and social interaction. Which one is looked at from the micro viewpoint? The macro viewpoint? | show 🗑
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show | ascribed status is what you are born with and have little control such as sex, race, etc.. achieved status is what you achieve such as being a teacher. would have a master status when the status overpowers their other statuses like being president
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Describe how a social role relates to a social status. Give some examples of roles associated with certain statuses. | show 🗑
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show | Social statuses, roles, social networks, social groups, social institutions, societies, subcultures, and social solidarity
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show | Mechanical solidarity is when a society has little division of labor and and strong emphasis on group commitment leaving little room for defiance, while organic solidarity relies on a large hierarchical division of labor where individualism is common
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What are the six types of societies? | show 🗑
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show | society that hunts and gathers food
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show | society that grow crops with simple tools
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show | society that raise livestock
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show | society that has great number of crops, uses plows, oxen and other devices
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show | society that use factories and machines
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What is a postindustrial society? | show 🗑
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show | He argues that cultural diffusion of inventions and discoveries across social boundaries causes social change, which leads us into cultural lag because those technologies have diffused into other cultures, but the behavioral norms lag behind
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Describe how people construct their reality. What is the role of symbols here? | show 🗑
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show | The rite of passage of puberty. Puberty is a transition period from childhood to adolescence or early adulthood. This helps a society function because it is the act of growing up and learning more to become a successful part of the whole society.
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According to Erving Goffman, the dramaturgical approach explains social interaction. Describe impression management and explain why the dramaturgical approach is a theory using the micro viewpoint. | show 🗑
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show | Role strain is the hard to meet expectations of one role, while role conflict is the conflicting expectations of multiple roles
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Explain the difference between a social category and a social aggregate. | show 🗑
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show | 2 or more people
interactions between members
shared identity
shared expectations
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Explain how a primary group is different from a secondary group. Give one example of each type of group. | show 🗑
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show | A reference group is a group that sets the standard for guiding someone's behavior. For example, a peer group wearing certain type of clothing that you will follow along with
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Explain the relationship between in-groups and out-groups. | show 🗑
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Define social network and describe one example. | show 🗑
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Explain what social change is and the role of social movements in social change | show 🗑
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what are the four stages of a social movement. | show 🗑
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show | defines the problem it is going to address, widespread discontent
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show | the movement and issues focused on goes public, develops plan of action, now organized
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what happens in the institutionalization/bureaucratization stage of a social movement? | show 🗑
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show | end of mass mobilization
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what are the 5 ways a decline in a social movement can occur? | show 🗑
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show | a small group can be very intense and emotional, good connections, but if one person leaves, the group ends. In a large group, the amount of interaction and bonding decreases but stability increases
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show | It’s important because it shows the two reasons people may conform to a group. One being feeling pressured to not be different than the others, and two doubting their own ability due to everyone else having a different answer
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show | its important because it shows how far people are willing to go to obey authority and how this shows that the holocaust was possible because the teachers went far enough to possibly kill a person just to obey
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Describe the behaviors related to groupthink and give one example. | show 🗑
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Describe the behaviors related to diffusion of responsibility and give one example. | show 🗑
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Explain Michels’ Iron Law of Oligarchy and give one example. | show 🗑
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Crime | show 🗑
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Deviance | show 🗑
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show | the means used to control behavior that violates formal norms.
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show | the means used to control behavior that violates informal norms.
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Relativity of deviance | show 🗑
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Social control | show 🗑
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show | Criminal behavior is learned by interacting with close friends and family members who teach us how to commit crimes and also about values, motives and rationalizations we need to adopt in order to justify breaking the law.
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Differential Justice Theory | show 🗑
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Differential Opportunity Theory | show 🗑
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Labeling Theory | show 🗑
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Social Control Theory | show 🗑
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Social Disorganization Theory | show 🗑
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Social Ecology Theory | show 🗑
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show | Deviance results from the gap between the cultural emphasis on economic success and the inability to achieve such success through legitimate means by some individuals or groups.
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show | crimes which involve violence or property offenses.
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White-collar crime | show 🗑
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Corporate crime | show 🗑
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show | illegal behavior in which people willingly engage and in which there are no unwilling victims.
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show | deviance is the violation of any social norms, crime is the violation of laws/rules. An example of deviance is farting in a public, It is not illegal, but it is a deviant because people may see it as gross. An example of crime would be killing someone
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show | social control is ways in which society tries to prevent deviant behavior, informal used to control behavior that violates informal norms (folkways), formal used to control behavior that violates formal norms (mores)
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How is deviance relative to space and time? Give examples of each. | show 🗑
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According to Émile Durkheim, what three functions does deviance serve for society? | show 🗑
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Explain the social ecology theory and outline the criminogenic neighborhood characteristics identified by researchers. | show 🗑
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show | he said the cause of deviance was the idea of the American dream and economic success, the 5 adaptations are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion
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show | because these people are denied a status in society, it causes them to make their own and join a deviant subculture instead
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show | poor people and minorities don’t have as much easy access to attorneys, private investigators, etc within the legal system, meanwhile the rich commit crimes with no fear of conviction. Justice is based on inequalities/conflicts past the crimes in court
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show | things blamed on women in the past, are now blamed on society’s inequality against women, women arrested for doing things as a response to escaping domestic abuse but the man is not convicted, women not as likely to commit large crimes
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Outline the interactionist theories on deviance. | show 🗑
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Who were the “Saints” and the “Roughnecks,” and why was their experience important for understanding deviance? | show 🗑
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How does the perception that people have about crime different from the reality of crime? What are the general trends in violent and property crimes? | show 🗑
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show | Conventional crime is the violent and property offenses that worry average citizens more than any other type of crime. Men tend to commit more crimes, minorities are more likely to be victimized as well as young people and lower income people
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Which groups are most likely to commit and be arrested for conventional crimes (including gender and race). Why? | show 🗑
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What is orate crime? Provide an example. | show 🗑
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Explain victimless crime. Do you think laws against victimless crimes do more harm than good? Explain your answer. | show 🗑
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What is the get-tough approach associated with the U.S. criminal justice system? What are the outcomes of this approach? How effective is this approach? | show 🗑
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What is an example of clarifying social norms in Durkheim's three functions deviance serves for society? | show 🗑
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What is an example of strengthening social bonds in Durkheim's three functions deviance serves for society? | show 🗑
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What is an example of leading to social change in Durkheim's three functions deviance serves for society? | show 🗑
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What is the goal of Merton's idea of adaptation called conformity? | show 🗑
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show | rob banks, sell drugs, commit fraud or use other illegal means of acquiring money
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What is the goal of Merton's idea of adaptation called ritualism? | show 🗑
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show | redraw from society, may resort to drugs, reject the goal of economic success and the means of achieving the goal
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What is the goal of Merton's idea of adaptation called rebellion? | show 🗑
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What is the symbolic interactionist theory on deviance called differential association theory about? | show 🗑
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What is the symbolic interactionist theory on deviance called social control theory about? | show 🗑
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What is the symbolic interactionist theory on deviance called labeling theory about? | show 🗑
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show | how well people do in such areas as education, income and health.
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show | a system of ranking in which groups of people have differential access to wealth, power and prestige.
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show | a system of social stratification where people are born into unequal groups based on their parents’ status and remain in these groups throughout their lives.
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show | a society where stratification is non-existent.
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show | a system of social stratification associated with industrial and post-industrial societies in which individuals can move up or down in rank.
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Closed System of Stratification | show 🗑
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Estate System of Stratification | show 🗑
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Open System of Stratification | show 🗑
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show | the ability to influence others to do your bidding, despite their resistance.
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show | the respect of regard given to an individual.
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Racial Caste System | show 🗑
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Slave System of Stratification | show 🗑
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show | the up or down change in position of an individual or group within a system of social stratification.
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show | the total value of an individual or family, including income, stocks and bonds, real estate, and other assets.
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show | the theory that states stratification is neither necessary nor inevitable and that it results from the lack of opportunity and/or from discrimination associated with the exploitation of the masses by the elite.
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False Class Consciousness | show 🗑
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Functionalist Theory of Stratification | show 🗑
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show | A systematic body of ideas and beliefs.
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show | a type of social movement that seeks limited, though still significant changes in some aspect of a nation’s political, economic or social systems.
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show | an organized effort by a large number of people to bring about or impede social, political, economic or cultural change.
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Symbolic Interaction Theory of Stratification | show 🗑
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show | social mobility of an individual within their own lifetime.
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Intergenerational Mobility | show 🗑
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Lower Class | show 🗑
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Middle Class | show 🗑
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show | the movement of an individual or group up or down in position within a stratification system.
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Socioeconomic Status | show 🗑
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Structural Mobility | show 🗑
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show | the social group with the highest socioeconomic status in society who monopolize the majority of societal resources.
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Working Class | show 🗑
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Culture of Poverty Theory | show 🗑
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show | the extent of the economic difference between the rich and the poor.
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show | being poor for at least two consecutive months in some time period.
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Feminization of Poverty | show 🗑
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Poverty Line | show 🗑
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show | family incomes below double the poverty line.
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What is social stratification? | show 🗑
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show | closed systems mean a person has almost no chance of rising up or falling down the stratification ladder so they are typically placed into stratas at birth (ascribed)
open systems means people have more chance of moving up or down the ladder (achieved)
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What is slavery? What are the conditions that lead individuals to be enslaved? Provide examples. | show 🗑
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show | The control of land. the landed gentry or nobility and the peasants or serfs. the landed gentry owned huge expanses of land where the serfs would work. they had more freedoms than slaves but still lived in poverty
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What is a caste system? What is racial caste? Provide examples. | show 🗑
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show | a person born into a social ranking but can move up or down in rank
wealth: total value of an individual or family (income stock real estate etc)
power: ability to influence others to do your bidding
prestige: status people hold in the eyes of others
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show | they say stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge and skills to enter important occupations. necessary and inevitable
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show | difficult to compare the importance of jobs, higher importance = higher pay is not true in reality, people moving up the social ladder strictly by merit is also not true, does not explain the extremes of wealth and poverty
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How do conflict theorists explain social stratification? | show 🗑
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How do conflict theorists tie together ideology and false class consciousness? | show 🗑
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show | they say stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles, daily interactions and conceptions of themselves
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show | organized efforts by a large number of people to bring about social, political, economic or cultural change
they challenge systems of stratification through reform movements. they do not attempt to overthrow but instead work to improve conditions
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show | classify people according to 1+ criteria
socioeconomic status (SES), measures of education income and occupation
based on ownership of the means of production, degree of autonomy within job, whether they supervise or are supervised
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Outline the traits of the upper class | show 🗑
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show | annual incomes range from $50,000 to $199,999, upper middle class ($100,000-$199,999) and lower middle class ($50,000-$99,999, white collar jobs)
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show | annual incomes range from $25,000-$49,999 (blue collar jobs like construction, or restaurant service), many at risk of unemployment
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show | annual incomes under $25,000, many unemployed or low skill jobs
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What is social mobility? | show 🗑
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Distinguish between and provide examples of intergenerational mobility, intragenerational mobility and structural mobility. | show 🗑
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show | overall, higher for men than women, and higher for whites than people of color, and higher for people with higher education
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show | the extent of the economic difference between the rich and the poor
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To what degree does economic inequality exist in the U.S.? | show 🗑
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show | a family whose income is lower than 3x the cost of a very minimal diet is considered poor
critiques: does not count energy, transportation, housing, childcare or healthcare, it also does not mention regional differences
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show | twice poverty is families that have an income below double the poverty line
it is significant because it shows more accurately how many people struggle with poverty in America
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What are the patterns of poverty in the U.S. in relation to age, race, education and household structure? | show 🗑
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show | poor have personal problems that are responsible for poverty, said to lack ambition and hard work, poor generally have beliefs that differ from those of the non-poor and dooms them to continued poverty (culture of poverty theory)
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show | stems from problems in American society that lead to lack of equal opportunity, discrimination, lack of education & healthcare, economic system,
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What are the effects of poverty in individuals and families? | show 🗑
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Absolute Poverty | show 🗑
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show | the gap between the richest and poorest segments of society.
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show | occurs when individuals and families move into and out of poverty within a given year or two, often more than once.
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show | a measure used by the World Bank to determine the degree of economic inequality that exists in a nation.
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show | the unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, resources, and influence among the world’s nations.
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High-Income Nation | show 🗑
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Human Development Index | show 🗑
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show | least industrialized nations which primarily subsist on agricultural production, characterized by high levels of poverty and economic and political marginalization.
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show | industrial nations with a mid-level of economic development found typically in Latin American and the Caribbean, Northern and Southern Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of Asia.
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show | A composite measure accounting for social well-being used to the United Nations Development Programme to measure poverty.
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Adult literacy rate | show 🗑
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Child Mortality Rate | show 🗑
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Life Expectancy | show 🗑
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show | a dietary deficiency where an individual lacks adequate nutrition.
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Maternal mortality | show 🗑
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show | a theory which explains global stratification as rooted in colonization and exploitation of the resources and people of colonized countries to the benefit of colonizing countries, resulting in the dependency of low-income nations on high-income nations.
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show | a theory which explains global stratification resulting from the degree to which a country has adopted “modern” cultural values and practices, along with new technologies.
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Crude Birth Rate | show 🗑
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show | The number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
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Demography | show 🗑
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show | migration that occurs within a country’s borders.
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Emigration | show 🗑
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Fertility | show 🗑
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General Fertility Rate | show 🗑
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show | the number of people moving into a region for every 1,000 people in the region.
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International Migration | show 🗑
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show | the movement of people into and out of specific regions.
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Mortality | show 🗑
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show | The rate of immigration minus the rate of emigration.
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show | The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.
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show | the average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.
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show | A theory on pop. growth that shows trends in birth and death rates over time, showing a correlation between population growth and form of society, and which predicts that with industrialization, population growth naturally slows and eventually declines.
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Malthusian Theory (by Thomas Malthus) | show 🗑
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Consequences of the Malthusian Theory? | show 🗑
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show | the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
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Population Pyramid | show 🗑
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Pronatalism Policies | show 🗑
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show | A neo-Malthusian theory that espoused the idea that population growth will outstrip food resources as well as non-renewable resources, prompting the call for reduction in fertility.
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Urbanization | show 🗑
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What is global stratification and to what degree does global inequality exist? | show 🗑
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What are the two dimensions of global inequality? What is the GINI coefficient and what are its major findings? | show 🗑
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show | gap in life expectancy when comparing high/low-income nations can be 30 years shorter, children in low-income nations are 30x more likely to die before age 5 About 1/5 of the pop. of low-income nations, or about 800 million individuals, are malnourished
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show | they are taken advantage of as sex slaves, less access to education which leaves them in a cycle of poverty, and more
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Compare and contrast the modernization and dependency theories of global stratification. | show 🗑
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show | the study of changes in the size and and composition of population
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show | the number of live births
crude birth rate (number of live births per 1000 people in pop.), general fertility rate (number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-44), total fertility rate (avg # of children a woman is expected to have)
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show | it is basically when the fertility rate is 2.1+, so that a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next (2 parents have 2 kids)
it is important because it shows how nations can grow, or not grow in pop.
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What are the trends in total fertility rates in the U.S., and when comparing higher income with lower income nations? What explains these trends? | show 🗑
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What is mortality and how is mortality measured? | show 🗑
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Distinguish between immigration, emigration, net migration and domestic migration. | show 🗑
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show | the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate
several Africans nations grow at least 3% per year
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show | it increases with industrialization because there is more medical and other types of advances that make the fertility and life expectancy of people longer
expected to grow but at a smaller rate, reach a peak, then start to decline
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What is pronatalism? Why are we seeing a rise in pronatalism in some countries? | show 🗑
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What is a population pyramid and how do population pyramids correlate with the demographic transition model? | show 🗑
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What is urbanization and what are the trends and future predictions for urbanization? | show 🗑
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Outline the pros and cons to increased urbanization? | show 🗑
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show | were some of the first to industrialize, more healthy and educated, contribute more to climate change
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show | generally industrialized, but it ranges, are ⅓ of the world's population, high levels of poverty, upper and lower middle income
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How do low income nations differ regarding geographic location, economic characteristics and global power? | show 🗑
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show | They determine poverty by the poverty line being $1.90 per person per day, this is also called absolute poverty
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show | formula that combines a nation’s GDP per capita as a measure of income; life expectancy at birth as a measure of health; and the adult literacy rate and enrollment in primary, secondary, and higher education as measures of education
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how does multidimensional poverty index explain poverty? | show 🗑
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show | theory by Thomas Malthus that says population grows geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16, etc) while food only grows arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, etc), meaning food production can not keep up with the pop. growth, leading to mass starvation
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What is the zero population growth theory? | show 🗑
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What are the 5 stages of the demographic transition theory? | show 🗑
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