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Sociology Ch 4-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Achieved Status | a status you achieve at some point after birth that is understood as a position you have more control over. |
| Ascribed Status | the status that someone is born with and has little control over. |
| Master Status | a status that is so important that it overrides other statuses you may hold. |
| Mechanical Solidarity | when a society has little division of labor and a strong emphasis on group commitment leaving little room for deviance from group norms and beliefs. |
| Organic Solidarity | when a society relies on a large, complex and hierarchical division of labor, where cultural diversity and individualism are common. |
| Roles | behaviors expected of someone of a certain status. |
| Social Institution | the patterns of beliefs and behaviors that help a society meet its basic needs. |
| Social Status | the position that someone occupies in society. |
| Social Structure | the social patterns through which a society is organized. |
| Society | a group of people who live within a defined territory and who share a culture. |
| Status Set | all the positions an individual occupies. |
| Status Symbols | objects that signify a particular status. |
| Agricultural society | relies on plow and wheel technologies to increase food production. |
| Cultural diffusion | the process of ideas, norms and values moving across cultural borders. |
| Cultural lag | when people’s behavior does not reflect the regular usage of the latest technologies. |
| Discoveries | when something completely new is observed or found. |
| Equilibrium Theory | theory of social change in which it is argued that changes within one social institution cause changes in other social institutions until order is restored |
| Foraging society | acquires food mainly by foraging. |
| Horticultural society | uses hand tools to grow a few specific crops in one location until the soil nutrients is depleted. |
| Industrial society | uses machines and factories as the primary mode of production. |
| Inventions | when something new is created from things that already exist |
| Multilinear Evolution Theory | a theory on societal transformation that recognizes that while societies share similar social and cultural features, no environment and no evolutionary path will be the same. |
| Pastoral society | herds a specific species of domesticated animal for the purpose of milk and meat as food sources. |
| Postindustrial society | relies on service jobs and information technology. |
| Unilinear Evolution Theory | a theory on societal transformation that theorizes that societies evolve in the same manner as organisms, moving from an unorganized animalistic state to organized civilizations. |
| Dramaturgical Approach | the idea that we can understand social interaction as if it were a theatrical performance. |
| Nonverbal communication | ways of communicating that do not involve talking. |
| Rites of Passage | events that mark an individual’s transition from one status to another. |
| Role Conflict | occurs when the roles of our statuses conflict with each other. |
| Role Strain | occurs when the expectations of one status cause the individual to strain in an effort to meet all the expectations. |
| Social Interaction | the way in which people act with other people and react to how other people are acting. |
| Social Construction of Reality | how individuals who interact help construct the reality of the situation in which they interact. |
| Impression Management | When people interact, they routinely try to convey a positive impression of themselves to the people with whom they interact. |
| Aggregate | a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time but who otherwise do not necessarily interact or have a common identity. |
| Category | a collection of individuals who have at least one attribute in common but otherwise do not necessarily interact. |
| Group | consists of two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and who share a common identity. |
| In-group | groups that we feel loyal to and take pride in belonging to |
| Out-group | groups that we are not in and that we would describe as “they”. |
| Primary group | usually small and is characterized by extensive interaction and strong emotional ties that endure over time. |
| Reference group | a group that sets a standard for guiding our own behavior and attitudes. |
| Secondary group | larger, more impersonal and often exist for a relatively short time to achieve a specific purpose. |
| Social change | occurs when norms and values of a culture and society change over time. |
| Social movement | intentional actions done collectively by a group who has organized to change something society |
| Social network | the totality of relationships that link us to other people and groups and through them to still other people and other groups. |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | a behavior pattern where people are less likely to act if they think others will. |
| Dyad | a two-person group |
| Groupthink | A behavior pattern when people go along with the desires and views of a group against their better judgments. |
| Iron Law of Oligarchy | the theory that large organizations inevitably develop an oligarchy, or the undemocratic rule of many people by just a few people |
| Triad | a three-person group. |
| Discuss the relationship between social structure and social interaction. Which one is looked at from the micro viewpoint? The macro viewpoint? | structure is the patterns that a society is organized around like statuses while social interaction is different ways individuals interact. structure would be macro bc its all of society, interaction would be micro because its looking at individuals |
| Explain the difference between an ascribed status and an achieved status. Why would someone have a master status? | ascribed status is what you are born with and have little control such as sex, race, etc.. achieved status is what you achieve such as being a teacher. would have a master status when the status overpowers their other statuses like being president |
| Describe how a social role relates to a social status. Give some examples of roles associated with certain statuses. | A social role is basically a behavior expected of someone with a certain status. For example, if you have the social status of being a teacher, your role would be to act in a professional manner and teach your students well. |
| Name the components that make up social structure. | Social statuses, roles, social networks, social groups, social institutions, societies, subcultures, and social solidarity |
| According to Emile Durkheim, there were two types of solidarity that could hold a society together. Explain the difference between mechanical and organic solidarity. | Mechanical solidarity is when a society has little division of labor and and strong emphasis on group commitment leaving little room for defiance, while organic solidarity relies on a large hierarchical division of labor where individualism is common |
| What are the six types of societies? | Foraging, Horticultural, Pastoral, Agricultural, Industrial, Postindustrial |
| What is a foraging society? | society that hunts and gathers food |
| What is a horticultural society? | society that grow crops with simple tools |
| What is a pastoral society? | society that raise livestock |
| What is a agricultural society? | society that has great number of crops, uses plows, oxen and other devices |
| What is a industrial society? | society that use factories and machines |
| What is a postindustrial society? | society that has information technology and service jobs |
| According to William Ogburn, social change happens because of technological innovation. Explain his theory on cultural lag. | He argues that cultural diffusion of inventions and discoveries across social boundaries causes social change, which leads us into cultural lag because those technologies have diffused into other cultures, but the behavioral norms lag behind |
| Describe how people construct their reality. What is the role of symbols here? | construct their reality by going into situation with an understanding of what is gonna happen, but continue to define the situation as it goes. The role of symbols would be people could have different meanings for things in situation and act accordingly. |
| Give one example of a rite of passage and explain how this practice helps a society function. | The rite of passage of puberty. Puberty is a transition period from childhood to adolescence or early adulthood. This helps a society function because it is the act of growing up and learning more to become a successful part of the whole society. |
| According to Erving Goffman, the dramaturgical approach explains social interaction. Describe impression management and explain why the dramaturgical approach is a theory using the micro viewpoint. | Impression management is when people interact, they try to convey a positive impression to the people around them. The dramaturgical approach is a micro viewpoint because it is looking at groups of people and how they act within their own “play” |
| What is the difference between role strain and role conflict? | Role strain is the hard to meet expectations of one role, while role conflict is the conflicting expectations of multiple roles |
| Explain the difference between a social category and a social aggregate. | a social category is collections of people who have an attribute in common but do not necessarily interact, while an aggregate is a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time but do not necessarily interact |
| What are the key features that define a social group? | 2 or more people interactions between members shared identity shared expectations |
| Explain how a primary group is different from a secondary group. Give one example of each type of group. | a primary group is a typically small close knit group that interacts for a long time while a secondary group is a typically larger group that meets to complete a specific task. An example of primary is family and secondary is my sociology class |
| Define a reference group and describe one example. | A reference group is a group that sets the standard for guiding someone's behavior. For example, a peer group wearing certain type of clothing that you will follow along with |
| Explain the relationship between in-groups and out-groups. | the in group is what group you are actively a part of and the outgroup is any group you do not identify with. |
| Define social network and describe one example. | social network is the web of relationships that is formed by interactions with other people. For example, getting a job due to having a connection with your sister who recommends you to that specific person/job. |
| Explain what social change is and the role of social movements in social change | the way norms and values of a culture and society change over time. The role of social movements is to incite social change, for example the BLM or pro-choice protests |
| what are the four stages of a social movement. | emergence, coalescence, institutionalization/bureaucratization, decline |
| what happens in the emergence stage of a social movement? | defines the problem it is going to address, widespread discontent |
| what happens in the coalescence stage of a social movement? | the movement and issues focused on goes public, develops plan of action, now organized |
| what happens in the institutionalization/bureaucratization stage of a social movement? | awareness raised to a degree, coordinated strategy |
| what happens in the decline stage of a social movement? | end of mass mobilization |
| what are the 5 ways a decline in a social movement can occur? | repression, co-optation, success, and failure, and establishment within the mainstream. |
| List and explain the pros and cons of a small group versus a large group. | a small group can be very intense and emotional, good connections, but if one person leaves, the group ends. In a large group, the amount of interaction and bonding decreases but stability increases |
| Discuss the Asch Experiment and why its findings are so important to the field of sociology. | It’s important because it shows the two reasons people may conform to a group. One being feeling pressured to not be different than the others, and two doubting their own ability due to everyone else having a different answer |
| Discuss the Milgram Experiment and why its findings are so important to the field of sociology. What was the reason behind why Milgram wanted to study obedience? | its important because it shows how far people are willing to go to obey authority and how this shows that the holocaust was possible because the teachers went far enough to possibly kill a person just to obey |
| Describe the behaviors related to groupthink and give one example. | groupthink is the process of going along with a group's desires and views against one's better judgment. an example of this would be the challenger space shuttle disaster because they knew about faulty parts but continued anyway to not gain bad press |
| Describe the behaviors related to diffusion of responsibility and give one example. | the bystander effect, an observable social pattern where people are less likely to act if they think others will. An example of this would be when a woman was mugged, and nobody helped and when asked why, they said they thought someone else would help. |
| Explain Michels’ Iron Law of Oligarchy and give one example. | Large organizations inevitably develop an oligarchy, or the undemocratic rule of many people by just a few people. an example of this would be the supreme court being able to overturn roe v wade despite majority of women and even some men being against it |
| Crime | behavior that violates the laws of a society. |
| Deviance | behavior that violates social norms and which typically arouses negative social reactions. |
| Formal social control | the means used to control behavior that violates formal norms. |
| Informal social control | the means used to control behavior that violates informal norms. |
| Relativity of deviance | the idea that whether a behavior is considered deviant depends on the circumstances in which the behavior occurs and not on the behavior itself. |
| Social control | refers to ways in which a society tries to prevent and sanction deviant behavior and other attempts at compelling conformity. |
| Differential Association Theory | Criminal behavior is learned by interacting with close friends and family members who teach us how to commit crimes and also about values, motives and rationalizations we need to adopt in order to justify breaking the law. |
| Differential Justice Theory | People with power use the legal system to secure their position at the top of society and to keep the powerless at the bottom. The poor and minorities are more likely, because of their lower status, to be arrested, convicted and imprisoned. |
| Differential Opportunity Theory | Different social classes have distinct patterns of crime due to differential access to institutionalized means. |
| Labeling Theory | Deviance results from being labeled a deviant. |
| Social Control Theory | Deviance results from weak bonds to conventional social institutions and social groups, as well as a lack of internalization of expected cultural norms. |
| Social Disorganization Theory | Weakened social bonds and dysfunctional social institutions make it difficult to socialize children properly and to monitor suspicious behavior. |
| Social Ecology Theory | Certain social and physical characteristics of neighborhoods with higher rates of deviance contribute to this deviance. These characteristics include dysfunctional social institutions, poverty, dilapidation, population density and population turnover. |
| Strain Theory | Deviance results from the gap between the cultural emphasis on economic success and the inability to achieve such success through legitimate means by some individuals or groups. |
| Conventional crime | crimes which involve violence or property offenses. |
| White-collar crime | crimes which are committed as part of one’s occupation. |
| Corporate crime | crimes which are committed by major corporations. |
| Victimless crime | illegal behavior in which people willingly engage and in which there are no unwilling victims. |
| What is deviance? What is crime? Provide examples of each | deviance is the violation of any social norms, crime is the violation of laws/rules. An example of deviance is farting in a public, It is not illegal, but it is a deviant because people may see it as gross. An example of crime would be killing someone |
| What are social control, informal social control and formal social control? | social control is ways in which society tries to prevent deviant behavior, informal used to control behavior that violates informal norms (folkways), formal used to control behavior that violates formal norms (mores) |
| How is deviance relative to space and time? Give examples of each. | it is relative in space because its deviant in one society, but acceptable in others, ex: eating maggots. It is relative in time because in one time period it could be okay, but not in another, for example, smoking inside |
| According to Émile Durkheim, what three functions does deviance serve for society? | clarifies social norms, strengthens social bonds among people reacting to the deviant, and help lead to positive social change |
| Explain the social ecology theory and outline the criminogenic neighborhood characteristics identified by researchers. | certain social and physical characteristics of some communities raise the odds that people living within will commit acts of deviance, characteristics include high rates of poverty, population density, dilapidated housing, and residential mobility |
| n his strain theory, what did Robert Merton say was the cause of deviance? What are the 5 adaptations associated with societal goals? | he said the cause of deviance was the idea of the American dream and economic success, the 5 adaptations are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion |
| According to status frustration theorists, what would cause someone to join a deviant subculture group? | because these people are denied a status in society, it causes them to make their own and join a deviant subculture instead |
| According to conflict theorists, how and why does justice vary along social class and racial-ethnic lines? | poor people and minorities don’t have as much easy access to attorneys, private investigators, etc within the legal system, meanwhile the rich commit crimes with no fear of conviction. Justice is based on inequalities/conflicts past the crimes in court |
| According to feminist theorists, how does the experience of women differ within the U.S. system of criminal justice? | things blamed on women in the past, are now blamed on society’s inequality against women, women arrested for doing things as a response to escaping domestic abuse but the man is not convicted, women not as likely to commit large crimes |
| Outline the interactionist theories on deviance. | attribute deviance to various aspects of the social interaction and social processes that normal individuals experience. |
| Who were the “Saints” and the “Roughnecks,” and why was their experience important for understanding deviance? | the saints and the roughnecks were two delinquent groups but one was from middle class and the other low class, respectively. It helps understand because we learn one has no consequences and the other has severe ones even though it was the same deviance |
| How does the perception that people have about crime different from the reality of crime? What are the general trends in violent and property crimes? | the perception of crime is basically that women are more fearful of going out at night due to the high % of SA, and minorities are more fearful of going out bc of living in places with more crime and the reality is that even more crime actually happens |
| Define conventional crime and outline the trends in violent crime victimization by gender, race, age, income and residence. | Conventional crime is the violent and property offenses that worry average citizens more than any other type of crime. Men tend to commit more crimes, minorities are more likely to be victimized as well as young people and lower income people |
| Which groups are most likely to commit and be arrested for conventional crimes (including gender and race). Why? | For the most part, men are more likely to commit and be arrested, age 30 and under, and white people. |
| What is orate crime? Provide an example. | corporate crime is corporations keeping things hidden that are potentially dangerous or illegal to continue business. An example of this is the cave incident because they got reports of safety violations but ignored them and it killed 29 people |
| Explain victimless crime. Do you think laws against victimless crimes do more harm than good? Explain your answer. | crime where people willingly engage and there are no unwilling victims. I think they do more harm, because people will do drugs and all these things anyway, whether it is legal, or illegal, so might as well make it legal |
| What is the get-tough approach associated with the U.S. criminal justice system? What are the outcomes of this approach? How effective is this approach? | It is the use of sentencing and long-term prison terms. The outcome of this approach is bad because repeat offenders happen often. It is not as effective as it could be if they took a more community service, mental help, approach. |
| What is an example of clarifying social norms in Durkheim's three functions deviance serves for society? | if a student is caught cheating all the other students will be reminded of the expectations and consequences |
| What is an example of strengthening social bonds in Durkheim's three functions deviance serves for society? | a mob of people trying to accomplish one goal |
| What is an example of leading to social change in Durkheim's three functions deviance serves for society? | Martin Luther King Jr who was considered one of the worst kind of deviants is now honored for his sacrifice for social change |
| What is the goal of Merton's idea of adaptation called conformity? | conform to the cultural norms and remain good, law-abiding citizens |
| What is the goal of Merton's idea of adaptation called innovation? | rob banks, sell drugs, commit fraud or use other illegal means of acquiring money |
| What is the goal of Merton's idea of adaptation called ritualism? | continue to work their job with a hope of improving their life, no deviant behavior |
| What is the goal of Merton's idea of adaptation called retreatism? | redraw from society, may resort to drugs, reject the goal of economic success and the means of achieving the goal |
| What is the goal of Merton's idea of adaptation called rebellion? | reject both the goal and means of achieving it, but also work actively to bring a new society with a new value system |
| What is the symbolic interactionist theory on deviance called differential association theory about? | Criminal behavior is learned by interacting with close friends and family members who teach us how to commit crimes and also about values, motives and rationalizations we need to adopt in order to justify breaking the law. |
| What is the symbolic interactionist theory on deviance called social control theory about? | Deviance results from weak bonds to conventional social institutions and social groups, as well as a lack of internalization of expected cultural norms. |
| What is the symbolic interactionist theory on deviance called labeling theory about? | Deviance results from being labeled a deviant. |
| Life Chances | how well people do in such areas as education, income and health. |
| Social Stratification | a system of ranking in which groups of people have differential access to wealth, power and prestige. |
| Caste System of Stratification | a system of social stratification where people are born into unequal groups based on their parents’ status and remain in these groups throughout their lives. |
| Classless Society | a society where stratification is non-existent. |
| Class System of Stratification | a system of social stratification associated with industrial and post-industrial societies in which individuals can move up or down in rank. |
| Closed System of Stratification | a system of social stratification where individuals have no opportunity to change position. |
| Estate System of Stratification | a system of social stratification characterized by control of land by a small elite group and peasants work the land to the benefit of the landowners. |
| Open System of Stratification | a system of social stratification where individuals may change position. |
| Power | the ability to influence others to do your bidding, despite their resistance. |
| Prestige | the respect of regard given to an individual. |
| Racial Caste System | a form of caste system in which an individual’s race determines their position in the stratification system. |
| Slave System of Stratification | A system of social stratification characterized by the ownership of people. |
| Vertical Mobility | the up or down change in position of an individual or group within a system of social stratification. |
| Wealth | the total value of an individual or family, including income, stocks and bonds, real estate, and other assets. |
| Conflict Theory of Stratification | the theory that states stratification is neither necessary nor inevitable and that it results from the lack of opportunity and/or from discrimination associated with the exploitation of the masses by the elite. |
| False Class Consciousness | occurs when workers have adopted the ideology of the elite and are not aware of their true position in society. |
| Functionalist Theory of Stratification | the theory that states stratification is necessary and inevitable in order to induce people with special knowledge and abilities to enter into the most vital occupations. |
| Ideology | A systematic body of ideas and beliefs. |
| Reform Social Movement | a type of social movement that seeks limited, though still significant changes in some aspect of a nation’s political, economic or social systems. |
| Social Movement | an organized effort by a large number of people to bring about or impede social, political, economic or cultural change. |
| Symbolic Interaction Theory of Stratification | the theory that states stratification affect’s people’s beliefs, lifestyles, daily interactions and conceptions of themselves. |
| Intragenerational Mobility | social mobility of an individual within their own lifetime. |
| Intergenerational Mobility | social mobility from one generation to the next within the same family. |
| Lower Class | the social group with the lowest socioeconomic status in society who are marginalized and deprived. |
| Middle Class | the social group positioned between the upper and working classes who typically work in white-collar occupations and who have a moderate standard of living. |
| Social Mobility | the movement of an individual or group up or down in position within a stratification system. |
| Socioeconomic Status | the social standing of an individual or family in relation to others based on measures such as education, income and/or occupation. |
| Structural Mobility | social mobility of a group of people up or down the social class ladder in response to changes within society. |
| Upper Class | the social group with the highest socioeconomic status in society who monopolize the majority of societal resources. |
| Working Class | the social group positioned between the middle and lower classes who typically work blue-collar occupations and who are economically vulnerable. |
| Culture of Poverty Theory | a theory in which it is claimed the poor have beliefs and values that differ from the non-poor, and it is these beliefs and values that contribute to their poverty. |
| Economic Inequality | the extent of the economic difference between the rich and the poor. |
| Episodic Poverty | being poor for at least two consecutive months in some time period. |
| Feminization of Poverty | a phenomenon whereby women experience poverty at higher rates in comparison to men. |
| Poverty Line | A measure of official poverty calculated using data on food expenses and which is adjusted for family size. |
| Twice-Poverty or Low Income | family incomes below double the poverty line. |
| What is social stratification? | social stratification is the rankings of people based on things like wealth or other resources that are valued (like power). |
| What is meant by open and closed systems of stratification? | closed systems mean a person has almost no chance of rising up or falling down the stratification ladder so they are typically placed into stratas at birth (ascribed) open systems means people have more chance of moving up or down the ladder (achieved) |
| What is slavery? What are the conditions that lead individuals to be enslaved? Provide examples. | slavery is the ownership of people. they can become enslaved by being a prisoner of war, being captured or kidnapped during wartime, being sold to become child laborers, and by becoming a worker to pay off debts |
| What is an estate system? What are the two estates within an estate system? Provide examples. | The control of land. the landed gentry or nobility and the peasants or serfs. the landed gentry owned huge expanses of land where the serfs would work. they had more freedoms than slaves but still lived in poverty |
| What is a caste system? What is racial caste? Provide examples. | people born into unequal groups based on parents’ status and stay there their whole lives. a caste where race rather than status determines the positions in the caste. |
| What is a class system? According to Max Weber, what are the 3 components of class rank? | a person born into a social ranking but can move up or down in rank wealth: total value of an individual or family (income stock real estate etc) power: ability to influence others to do your bidding prestige: status people hold in the eyes of others |
| What theory is offered by a functionalist to explain social stratification? | they say stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge and skills to enter important occupations. necessary and inevitable |
| What are the critiques of the functionalist theory to explain social stratification? | difficult to compare the importance of jobs, higher importance = higher pay is not true in reality, people moving up the social ladder strictly by merit is also not true, does not explain the extremes of wealth and poverty |
| How do conflict theorists explain social stratification? | they say stratification results from lack of opportunity and from discrimination and prejudice against the poor, women, and people of color. not necessary but not inevitable |
| How do conflict theorists tie together ideology and false class consciousness? | ideology is a set of beliefs that justifies a status quo. religious beliefs that being poor stems from God's fate, or God's test of will, which allows for the poor to not realize the extent of their oppression, which is false class consciousness. |
| According to symbolic interactionists, how does social stratification affect people? | they say stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles, daily interactions and conceptions of themselves |
| What is a social movement and how do social movements challenge systems of stratification? Provide examples. | organized efforts by a large number of people to bring about social, political, economic or cultural change they challenge systems of stratification through reform movements. they do not attempt to overthrow but instead work to improve conditions |
| How is social class measured objectively? | classify people according to 1+ criteria socioeconomic status (SES), measures of education income and occupation based on ownership of the means of production, degree of autonomy within job, whether they supervise or are supervised |
| Outline the traits of the upper class | annual incomes of more than $200,000, much wealth, power and influence, “old money” been in family for generations, “new money” acquired through hard work, investments, etc |
| Outline the traits of the middle class | annual incomes range from $50,000 to $199,999, upper middle class ($100,000-$199,999) and lower middle class ($50,000-$99,999, white collar jobs) |
| Outline the traits of the working class | annual incomes range from $25,000-$49,999 (blue collar jobs like construction, or restaurant service), many at risk of unemployment |
| Outline the traits of the lower class | annual incomes under $25,000, many unemployed or low skill jobs |
| What is social mobility? | how likely a person is to move up or down in the social ladder |
| Distinguish between and provide examples of intergenerational mobility, intragenerational mobility and structural mobility. | intergenerational: mobility from one generation to the next within the same family intragenerational: mobility within a person's own lifetime. structural: when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social ladder |
| What are the research findings related to social mobility in the U.S.? | overall, higher for men than women, and higher for whites than people of color, and higher for people with higher education |
| What is economic inequality? | the extent of the economic difference between the rich and the poor |
| To what degree does economic inequality exist in the U.S.? | large degree of economic inequality in the US, the richest 20% of the population have more income than the remaining 80% of the population, closer the score to 100 is the more unequal with the US being at 45, while other countries are max 35 |
| What is the poverty line and how is it calculated in the U.S.? What are the critiques of this formula? | a family whose income is lower than 3x the cost of a very minimal diet is considered poor critiques: does not count energy, transportation, housing, childcare or healthcare, it also does not mention regional differences |
| What is “twice-poverty?” Why is this concept significant? | twice poverty is families that have an income below double the poverty line it is significant because it shows more accurately how many people struggle with poverty in America |
| What are the patterns of poverty in the U.S. in relation to age, race, education and household structure? | all racial minorities are more poor compared to the white group, the rate of child poverty is the highest of any age group, children with two parents much less likely to be in poverty than others, more education typically has less chance of poverty |
| What is the individual explanation of poverty. | poor have personal problems that are responsible for poverty, said to lack ambition and hard work, poor generally have beliefs that differ from those of the non-poor and dooms them to continued poverty (culture of poverty theory) |
| What is the structural explanation of poverty. | stems from problems in American society that lead to lack of equal opportunity, discrimination, lack of education & healthcare, economic system, |
| What are the effects of poverty in individuals and families? | greater risk for family problems, greater risk for health problems, greater risk for inadequate schooling greater risk of homelessness/inadequate housing |
| Absolute Poverty | the level of poverty at which an individual is struggling to meet basic needs, such as adequate nutrition and shelter. |
| Economic Inequality | the gap between the richest and poorest segments of society. |
| Episodic Poverty | occurs when individuals and families move into and out of poverty within a given year or two, often more than once. |
| Gini Coefficient | a measure used by the World Bank to determine the degree of economic inequality that exists in a nation. |
| Global Stratification | the unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, resources, and influence among the world’s nations. |
| High-Income Nation | post-industrial nations with high levels of economic, political and cultural power at the global level and high use of the world’s natural resources. Typically found in Western Europe, North America and East Asia. |
| Human Development Index | composite measure of a nation’s income, health and education. |
| Low-Income Nation | least industrialized nations which primarily subsist on agricultural production, characterized by high levels of poverty and economic and political marginalization. |
| Middle-Income Nation | industrial nations with a mid-level of economic development found typically in Latin American and the Caribbean, Northern and Southern Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. |
| Multidimensional Poverty Index | A composite measure accounting for social well-being used to the United Nations Development Programme to measure poverty. |
| Adult literacy rate | the percentage of people aged 15 and above who can read and write a simple sentence. |
| Child Mortality Rate | the number of children who die before age 5 per 1,000 live births. |
| Life Expectancy | the average number of years that a nation’s citizens can be expected to live. |
| Malnutrition | a dietary deficiency where an individual lacks adequate nutrition. |
| Maternal mortality | the number of women who die during childbirth for every 100,000 live births. |
| Dependency Theory | a theory which explains global stratification as rooted in colonization and exploitation of the resources and people of colonized countries to the benefit of colonizing countries, resulting in the dependency of low-income nations on high-income nations. |
| Modernization Theory | a theory which explains global stratification resulting from the degree to which a country has adopted “modern” cultural values and practices, along with new technologies. |
| Crude Birth Rate | The number of live births for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year. |
| Crude Death Rate | The number of deaths for every 1,000 people in a population in a given year. |
| Demography | the study of the changes in the size and composition of population. |
| Domestic Migration | migration that occurs within a country’s borders. |
| Emigration | the number of people moving out of a region for every 1,000 people in the region. |
| Fertility | the number of live births. |
| General Fertility Rate | the number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44. |
| Immigration | the number of people moving into a region for every 1,000 people in the region. |
| International Migration | migration that occurs across national borders. |
| Migration | the movement of people into and out of specific regions. |
| Mortality | the number of deaths. |
| Net Migration Rate | The rate of immigration minus the rate of emigration. |
| Replacement Level Fertility | The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next. |
| Total Fertility Rate | the average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime. |
| Demographic Transition Theory | A theory on pop. growth that shows trends in birth and death rates over time, showing a correlation between population growth and form of society, and which predicts that with industrialization, population growth naturally slows and eventually declines. |
| Malthusian Theory (by Thomas Malthus) | promotes the idea that pop. growth increases exponentially and increase in food production occurs arithmetically, resulting in a growing gap between the size of the population and the ability to produce enough food to feed the pop. |
| Consequences of the Malthusian Theory? | The consequences predicted to result from this gap are mass starvation and conflict over increasingly scarce resources. |
| Natural Growth Rate | the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate. |
| Population Pyramid | a graphic representation of the age and sex structure of a given society. |
| Pronatalism Policies | Policies aimed at encouraging women to have more children. |
| Zero Population Growth | A neo-Malthusian theory that espoused the idea that population growth will outstrip food resources as well as non-renewable resources, prompting the call for reduction in fertility. |
| Urbanization | The rise and growth of cities |
| What is global stratification and to what degree does global inequality exist? | global stratification is unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, resources and influence among the world’s nations 15% considered poor ($2 per day or less), 56% considered low income ($2.01-10 per day) |
| What are the two dimensions of global inequality? What is the GINI coefficient and what are its major findings? | the large gap between the high and low income nations, and comparisons of the degree of economic inequality found in each nation 0 to 1, 0 same income for everyone, 1 means one person has all income , closer to 1 higher degree of economic inequality |
| How does global poverty impact human development related to life expectancy, child mortality and malnutrition? In which world regions are higher rates of illiteracy found, and how is illiteracy related to gender inequality? | gap in life expectancy when comparing high/low-income nations can be 30 years shorter, children in low-income nations are 30x more likely to die before age 5 About 1/5 of the pop. of low-income nations, or about 800 million individuals, are malnourished |
| What evidence exists that demonstrates females and children are more severely affected by poverty than adult males? | they are taken advantage of as sex slaves, less access to education which leaves them in a cycle of poverty, and more |
| Compare and contrast the modernization and dependency theories of global stratification. | modernization: rich nations developed core beliefs and values while the poor remained poor by not developing these beliefs dependency: the poverty stems from their past colonization and current exploitation where they are unable to industrialize |
| What is demography? | the study of changes in the size and and composition of population |
| What is fertility and what are the different ways fertility is measured? | the number of live births crude birth rate (number of live births per 1000 people in pop.), general fertility rate (number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-44), total fertility rate (avg # of children a woman is expected to have) |
| What is replacement level fertility? Why is this an important demographic indicator? | it is basically when the fertility rate is 2.1+, so that a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next (2 parents have 2 kids) it is important because it shows how nations can grow, or not grow in pop. |
| What are the trends in total fertility rates in the U.S., and when comparing higher income with lower income nations? What explains these trends? | it has remained fairly steady since the 1970s, but was very high in the 1950s post war era in low income nations for many reasons they have more children so they can survive high income nations are able to have less kids without worry |
| What is mortality and how is mortality measured? | the number of deaths crude death rate (number of deaths per 1000 people in pop.) |
| Distinguish between immigration, emigration, net migration and domestic migration. | immigration: move into a region emigration: move out of a region net migration: immigration minus emigration domestic migration: migration within a country's borders international migration: migration across national borders |
| Define natural growth rate. In which world regions is population growth occurring at the highest levels? | the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate several Africans nations grow at least 3% per year |
| Why does population growth increase with industrialization? What are the projections for future global population growth? | it increases with industrialization because there is more medical and other types of advances that make the fertility and life expectancy of people longer expected to grow but at a smaller rate, reach a peak, then start to decline |
| What is pronatalism? Why are we seeing a rise in pronatalism in some countries? | incentives for women to give birth to more children because the longer life expectancy and declining birth rate is making it harder to fill jobs and collect taxes, etc |
| What is a population pyramid and how do population pyramids correlate with the demographic transition model? | age-sex graphs, different stages of the model will have similar shapes within the population pyramid graph |
| What is urbanization and what are the trends and future predictions for urbanization? | rise and growth of cities by 2030 almost ⅔ is predicted to live in urban areas, |
| Outline the pros and cons to increased urbanization? | pros: more jobs, higher pay, healthcare and schooling more accessible, more opportunities for women cons: homeless children on streets, basically low-income nations are ill equipped to meet demands of urbanization and will go downhill |
| How do high income nations differ regarding geographic location, economic characteristics and global power? | were some of the first to industrialize, more healthy and educated, contribute more to climate change |
| How do middle income nations differ regarding geographic location, economic characteristics and global power? | generally industrialized, but it ranges, are ⅓ of the world's population, high levels of poverty, upper and lower middle income |
| How do low income nations differ regarding geographic location, economic characteristics and global power? | least industrialized, half of world’s population, difficult to sustain stable agricultural industry |
| How does the World Bank calculate poverty? | They determine poverty by the poverty line being $1.90 per person per day, this is also called absolute poverty |
| how does Human development index explain poverty? | formula that combines a nation’s GDP per capita as a measure of income; life expectancy at birth as a measure of health; and the adult literacy rate and enrollment in primary, secondary, and higher education as measures of education |
| how does multidimensional poverty index explain poverty? | Health: Child mortality, Nutrition Education: Schooling, Enrollment Standard of living: Electricity, Drinking water, Sanitation, Flooring, Cooking fuel, Assets any 2 health/education or all 6 sol or 1 health/edu + 3 standard of living |
| What is the Malthusian theory? | theory by Thomas Malthus that says population grows geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16, etc) while food only grows arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, etc), meaning food production can not keep up with the pop. growth, leading to mass starvation |
| What is the zero population growth theory? | limiting the number of live births to only what is needed to replace the existing population |
| What are the 5 stages of the demographic transition theory? | stage 1: birth rate and death rate both high, cancels out stage 2: birth rate high, death rate drops, pop. goes up stage 3: birth and death rate low, growth slows, or declines stage 4&5: birth rates level out or go lower than death, pop declines |
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