IMMUME System
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| Nonspecific and spacific (adaptive) line of defence are? | Two intrinsic defense systems that act independently, but cooperatively to facilitate body defense.
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| Nonspecific body defenses are? | The first and second line of defense.
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| First line of defense is? | Skin and mucous membranes that help prevent entrance of microorganisms.
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| Keratin helps ? | Maintain the skin.
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| Epidermis is? | Heavily keratinized.
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| Keratin helps provide? | A physical barrier.
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| Keratin is a? | waterprof barrier for skin.
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| Keratin is resistant to? | weak acid, bacterial, ensymes and toxins.
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| Intact mucosae provides? | physical (mechanical) barriers as the cover and line body organs.
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| The acidity of secretions produced by some membranes are? | vaginal membranes, gastric lining, stomach acid, tears. The help inhibit bacterial growth.
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| Sebrum contains? | Chemical toxic to bacteria.
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| Sebaceous gland is? | A normal gland of the skin which empties an oily secretion into the hair follicle near the surface of the skin.
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| Lacrimal gland ia? | A small almond shape structure that produces tears.
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| Stomach mucose produced? | Hydrochloric acid and protein digesting enzymes.
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| Saliva and lacrimal fluid contains? | Lysozyme, which is an enzyme that destroys bacteria.
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| Mucus is? | Sticky and traps microorganixms trying to enter respiratory and digestive systems.
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| Were is mucus? | every were, cervix, mouth digestive track.
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| Some mucus have? | Special structures, such as cilia or hair, to repel/trap invaders.
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| Second line of defense inhibits? | invasion by microorganisms that manage to breech the second line of defense.
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| When skin and there products do not work what is next? | Second line of defense.
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| Mucosae is? | Any cell that produces the sticky stuff.
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| The invasion by microorganisms that manage to breech the first line of defense calls for? | Second line of defense
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| Second line of defense includes 3 main defenses? | Inflammation, defensive cells, antimicrobial proteins.
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| S.L.O.D. has five nonspecific defenses what are they? | Inflammatory response, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, and fever.
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| Inflammation is caused by? | cellular chemicals.
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| Inflammation triggered by injury to body tissues helps? | prevent spread of invaders, dispose of cell debris and pathogens, initiate mechanism for repair.
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| Inflammation has four signs? | Redness, heat, swelling, pain.
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| Inflammation has a possible fifth sign? | Impairment of function.
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| Inflammation begins with the release of ? | Inflammatory chemicals into extracellular fluid from cells such as phagocytes, most cells and lymphocytes.
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| Inflammation also includes the release of? | blood proteins.
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| Some of the most important inflammatory chemicals include? | Histamines, kinins, prostaglandins(PG), complement and lymphokines.
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| Inflammatory chemicals promote? | vasodilation, which in turn causes Hyperemia (heat and redness).
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| Some inflammation chemicals increase? | Permeability of capillaries so that exudate seeps from the blood into tissue spaces, causing swelling.
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| exudate means? | Afluid rich in protein and cellular that oozez out of blood vessels due to inflammation and is deposited in nearby tissue.
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| Hyperemia means? | Heat and redness.
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| Edema means? | is an observable swelling from fluid accumulation in certain body tissues.
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| inflammatory chemicals that promote vasodilation helps cause what? | edema.
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| Release of bacterial toxins and pressure from swelling cause what? | Pain
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| How does edema atually help? | It dilutes harmful substances, brings in large quantities of oxygen and other nutrients and allows entry of clotting proteins.
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| Inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agents to attract what? | Neutrophils and other phagocytes such as macrophages to the inflamed area if pathogens are the cause of the inflammation.
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| If the epithelial barrier is breached, the epithelial mucosal cells will release what? | broad-spectrum antibiotics called B-defensins.
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| Tactile means? | Touch.
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| Factor means in the medical field? | They need to know more.
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| Immune means? | Free.
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| Chemotactic means? | Chemical touch communication.
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| Leukocyte-inducing factors are released by? | injured cells and facilitate defense by promoting rapid neutrophil release from bone marrow.
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| The release of leukocyte-inducing factors is called? | Leukocytosis and it is a characteristic sign of inflammation.
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| Inflammatory chemicals act as? | Chemotactic agents which are homing devices that attract more WBC's to the injured area.
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| Margination (pavementing) occurs when? | Neutrophils cling to capillary walls as blood flow slows down.
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| Neutrophils move out of the capillaries and into tissue spaces by? | Diapedesis (emigration).
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| After diapedesis (emigration) monocytes follow within hours. They change from phagocytic slugs into insatiable consumers known as? | Macrophages, which have enormous numbers of lysosomes in their cytoplasm.
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| They predominate at sites of chronic inflammation? | Macrophages they replace neutrophils as primary agents at the inflammation site.
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| What is a mixture of dead/dying neutrophils, broken tissue cells and living/dead pathogens? | Pus
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| What are tumor-like growths of macrophages housing resistant bacteria. When formed it is covered with a fibrous capsule? | Infectious granulomas.
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| These are cells that are specialized to do the process of phogocytosis (engulfment) on a grand scale. Therefore, they have large #'s of lysosomes in their cytoplasm what is it? | Phagocytes
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| Phagocytic cells may also use alternative methods of pathogen destruction, such as? | Respiratory burst
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