Count Bobula Spinal Cord Lecture
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| Where does the spinal cord begin and end? | superiorly at foramen magnum
Ends at L1/L2 invertebral disc
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| The spinal cord is continuous with what structure | medulla oblongata
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| What is the length of the cervical enlargement? | C5 to T1
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| Cervical enlargement gives rise to what? | brachial plexus
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| What does the brachial plexus do? | innervate upper limb
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| What segment of spinal cord extends from L1 to S3 | Lumbosacral or Lumbar enlargement
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| What rises from the lumbosacral enlargement? | lumbar and sacral plexuses which innervate lower limb
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| The three terminating structures of the spinal cord are what? | Conus Medullaris, Filum Terminale, Cauda Equina
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| What is a connective tissue filament extending from the conus medullaris to attach at the coccyx? | Filum Terminale
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| Which spinal nerves are part of the Cauda Equina? | roots that extend below the conus medullaris
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| Until what week of development does the spinal cord run the length of the vertebal canal? | 8th
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| What is the alignment of spinal cord segments and verterbrae prior to the 8th week | The are aligned with corresponding segments
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| When does the vertebral column begin growing faster than the spinal cord? Result | 3rd month. inferior end lies at progressively higher vertebral levels
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| What are the levels of the spinal cord and verterbra at 6 months, birth, adult? | 6 months = S1
birth = L3
Adult = L1/L2
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| How do the spinal roots elongate to maintain innervation? | descend obliquely to intervertebral foramina
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| What are the three meninges of the spinal cord? | Dura Mater
Arachnoid (mater)
Pia Mater
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| The loose sac, _____, around spinal cord and cauda equina that is continuous with _______ of the brain. | dura mater, dura
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| The inferior termination of the dura? | blindly at S2
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| Where is the Filum terminale internum? | Upper part that is within dural sac
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| Where is filum terminale externum? What covers it? | passes out of dural sac and picks up investment of dura mater
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| Where is the coccygeal ligament? | same thing as filum terminale externum - continuation of filum terminale after dural sac
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| What is between dura mater and vertebrae? | epidural space
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| What is in the epidural space? | fat, loose connective tissue, internal vertebral venous plexus
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| Where is the internal vertebral venous plexus? | epidural space
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| What is the epineurium? | connective tissue covering of a nerve
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| where to the dura mater and epineurium meet? | dura mater forms a sleeve around the roots of each spinal nerve. It fuses with the epineurium at the intervertebral foramen
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| Who da arachnoid? | delicate membrane that lines the internal surface of the dura mater
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| What is the beginning and ending of the arachnoid? | continuous with cranial arachnoid; extends full length of dural sac; lines dural sleeves around spinal nerves
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| Where is the subdural space? | potential space between dura mater and arachnoid
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| Where is the subarachnoid space? beginning? ending? | real space between arachnoid and pia mater
Continous with sub of brain and extend to S2, also go in spinal nerve root sleeves
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| What is in the subarachnoid space? | cerebrospinal fluid
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| What is filled with CSF and contains anterior and posterior nerve roots of the cauda equina and filium terminale internum? | Lumbar cistern
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| What are the boundaries of the lumbar cistern? | subarachnoid space inferior to conus medullaris
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| Where should you stick the ho for a lumbar puncture? | between L3/L4 or L4/l5 verterbral arches
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| What is the vascular membrane the intimately follows the surface of the spinal cord and nerve roots within arachnoid? | Pia Mater
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| What is the superior boundary of the Pia Mater? | continuous with pia mater of medulla oblongata
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| What other structure in the spinal cord rises from pia mater? | part of the filum terminale
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| What stabilizes the spinal cord in the coronal plane? | Denticulate ligament
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| Where can denticulate ligament be found? | lateral edges between anterior and posterior roots
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| What is the denticulate projections relationship with the arachnoid? | penetrate it
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| What is the name of the deep groove along the anterior midline of the spinal cord? | Anterior Median Fissure
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| What is the shallow groove along the posterior midline? | posterior median sulcus
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| Where do the rootlets of the anterior roots of the spinal nerves attach? | anterolateral sulcus
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| Where do the rootlets of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves attach? | posterolateral sulcus
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| what spinal cord surface feature is located between the posterior median sulcus and posterolateral sulcus | Posterior intermediate sulcus
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| What spinal cord surface feature is only present in the cervical and upper thoracic regions of the spinal cord | posterior intermediate sulcus
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| Spinal nerves are formed by what? | Anterior (ventral) and Posterior (dorsal) roots
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| Efferent fibers are what type? Which direction? | ventral, motor fibers carrying information away from spinal cord,
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| Afferent fibers are what type, which direction? | dorsal, sensory fibers carrying information to the spinal cord
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| What does the dorsal root contain that the anterior root does not? Name? | a ganglion that contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons - posterior root ganglion
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| Why are spinal nerves called mixed? | contain both motor and sensory fibers
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| Which spinal nerve ramus is smaller? What does it innervate? | Posterior ramus innvervates skin and deep muscles of back
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| Which spinal nerve ramus is larger? what does it innervate? | anterior ramus innervates skin and muscles of limbs and anterolateral trunk and superficial back muscles
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| How many pairs of spinal nerves exist? Break them down: | 31 pair:P 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
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| Nerves leave the vertebral canal where? C1-C7, C8, T1 down | C1-C7: superior to the vertebra
C8: between C7 and T1
T1 down: inferior to the vertebra
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| Where is the central cavity of the spinal cord? What does it do? | narrow cavity in center of cord that communicates with the ventricular system of brain
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| With what specific ventricle does the central cavity communicate? What lines it? | lined by ependymal cells, it communicates with the fourth ventricle
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| Where is the gray mater and white matter? | gray matter centrally located, white mater on periphery
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| Which matter has a butterfly or H shape? | Gray matter
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| What are the four regions of the gray matter? | posterior horn, anterior horn, intermediate zone, lateral horn
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| What are the two segments of the lateral horn? | thoracic and upper lumbar
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| How is the gray matter constructed? What is the formal name? | divided into layers based on cytoarchitecture, called the laminae of Rexed
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| What layers fit posterior horn? | laminae I to VI
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| What layers fit intermediate zone? | lamina VII
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| What layers fit Anterior zone? | part of VII plus VIII and IX
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| What layer fit Around central canal? | Lamina X
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| How does sensory information reach higher neuraxis in the brain? | carried by sensory fibers through the dorsal roots to the neurons in the posterior horn then axons ascend to white matter in neuraxis
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| Where is the marginal nucleus? What lamina is it? | marginal or posteromarginal nucleus is at apex of posterior horn, lamina I
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| Lamina II makes up what? | Substantia Gelatinosa of the posterior horn nuclei
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| Laminae III and IV form what? | nucleus proprius or proper/principal sensory nucleus of posterior horn nuclei
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| In what special regions or segments are the posterior horn nuclei found? | All are present along the whole length of the spinal cord?
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| The anterior horn is mostly involved with what? | voluntary movements
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| Where do the axons travel from neurons located in the anterior horn? | leave through anterior roots to supply skeletal muscle fibers
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| What is the name of neurons in anterior horn? | somatic motor neurons
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| What supply extrafusal muscle fibers | alpha motor neurons
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| What supply intrafusal muscle fibers (where)? | Gamma motor neurons in muscle spindles
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| What is an extrafusal muscle fiber? | standard muscle fiber that generates tension by contraction allowing for skeletal movement
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| What makes up a motor unit? | The alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers it innervates make up the motor unit. The connection between the alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fiber is a neuromuscular junction.
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| What are intrafusal muscle fibers | These fibers are a proprioceptor that detect the amount and rate of change of length in a muscle.
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| What are the two parts of the anterior horn? | medial motor column and lateral motor column
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| Which column has motor neurons that innervate limb muscles? Where are the neurons found? | lateral column in cervical and lumbosacral enlargements
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| What does the medial motor neurons innervate? where is it found? | neck and truck, or axial musculature...found at all levels
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| What is the phrenic nucleus? What segments does it exit? | leaves via C3-C5, innervates diaphragm via phrenic nerve
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| What motor nucleus sends axons out C1-C5 to form the spinal root of the accessory nerve? | Accessory nucleus
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| What area of gray matter is continuous medially with gray matter around the central canal | Intermediate zone
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| What is the purpose of the intermediate zone | interneurons for segmental and intersegmental intergration of spinal functions
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| What nuclei are found in the medial part of the intermediate zone? | Nucleus of Clarke/nucleus dorsalis/thoracic nucleus
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| What segments are nucleus of Clarke | C8-L3
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| Where do the axons of thoracic nucleus go? | ascend in white matter to cerebellum in posterior spinocerebellar tract
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| What forms the lateral horn? Segments? | preganglionic sympathetic neurons of the intermediolateral nucleus, segments T1-L2
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| What are the sacral parasympathetic nucleus? | S2-S4 preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
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| What are the three regions in which white matter is found in the spinal cord? | Posterior (dorsal)Funiculus
lateral funiculus
anterior (ventral) funiculus
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| What are the boundaries of the dorsal funiculus? | between posterior median sulcus and posterolateral sulcus
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| what are the boundaries of the ventral funiculus? | between anterolateral suclus and anterior median fissure
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| what are the boundaries of the lateral funiculus? | between posterolateral and anterolateral sulci
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| Which direction do the fibers of the white matter of spinal cord travel? Pupose? | long ascending and descending tracts that interconnect the spinal cord to the brain
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| What interconnects the white matter spinal cord segments? | propriospinal (intersegmental) fibers
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| Where are propriospinal (intersegmental) fibers found? | fasciculus proprius: narrow band adjacent to gray matter
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| Why are propriospinal fibers important? | coordinate complicated messages from other body parts
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| Name of super important area of white matter anterior to gray matter and deep to median fissure? | Anterior White commissure
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| Why is the anterior white commissure important? | contains fibers that cross from one side of the cord to the other - ALL pain and temperature sensation must travel through it
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| What part of white matter do all pain and temperature signals travel through? | anterior white commissure
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| Where Lissauer's tract? What are it's other names? | posterolateral tract, dorsolateral fasciculus
lies between apex of posterior horn and spinal cord surface
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| What is the area of white matter that lies at the top of the butterfly or posterior horn | dorsal fasciculus of Lissauer
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| How does the dorsal fasciculus of Lissauer disseminate information? | propriospinal fibers and fibers from posterior root. These bifurcate and ascend or descend to travel 1 or 2 segments to collaterals in posterior horn
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| What sensory modalities are carried by the ascending tracts of spinal cord? | all signals from receptors: pain, thermal, tactile, muscle and joint
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| The posterior column has two parts. What are they? | fasciculus gracilus (medialy)
fasciculus cuneatus (laterally from T6 up)
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| What does fasciculus gracilus commnicate? From where? | info from lower half of body: discriminative touch, vibration, limp position and motion
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| How far does f. gracilus info go up? | to cerebral cortex (consciousness)
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| What is transmitted by fasciulus cuneatus? | info. from upper half of body - T6 and up - also discriminative touch, vibration, limb position
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| Where and what is the tract that transmits pain, temparture and non-discriminative information? | spinothalmic tract lies lateral and anterior to anterior horn
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| What is the very thin, skin like layer around the spinal cord that carries proprioceptive and tactile information to cerebellum | anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
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| Where at the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts located? | at periphery of lateral funiculus
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| How are lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts different than ant/lat spinocerebellar tracts | Look at name. They go from cortex to spine...thus descending tracts
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| Where is the most important descending tract that carries 90% of the information | lateral corticospinal - located in lateral funiculus, deep to posterior spinocerebellar tract
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| Where is the anterior corticospinal tract? | anterior funiculus, just lateral to anterior median fissure
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| What tract starts at the red nucleus in the brain then enters the spinal cord | rubrospinal tract
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| Where does the rubrospinal tract travel | lateral funiculus, just anterior to lateral corticospinal tract
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| What information does the rubrospinal tract carry? | control of muscle tone, especially limb flexor muscles (excitatory)
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| What tract carries excitatory influence to increase the tone of extensor muscles? | Lateral vestibulospinal tract
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| Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract start and run? | starts in lateral vestibular nucleus, runs in anterior funiculus close to surface
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| where does the medial vestibulospinal tract start and run? | starts in medial and inferior vestibular nuclei, runs in medial part of anterior funiculus as part of medial longitudinal fasciculus
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| What is unique about vestibulospinal tract? | 1. only in cervical region
2. controls head and neck position
3. travels as part of bidirectional path, the medial longitudinal fasciculus
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| What tract starts at the pons? path? | medial (pontine) reticulospinal tract begins at reticular formation of pons, descends in anterior funiculus
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| where does lateral reticulospinal tract begin and run? | start in reticular formation of medulla, descend in anterior part of lateral funiculus
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| what do the reticulospinal fibers control? How do we differentiate the two tracts? | muscle tone; pontine (excitatory);medullary (inhibitory)
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