test1
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| electrons= | # of protons
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| atomic #= | # of protons in nucleus of atom
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| atomic number also equals | the number of electrons in each atom
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| mass number= | protons and neutrons
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| different atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called | isotopes
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| what isotopes are unstable because their nuclei decay to form a simpler and thus more stable configuration | radioactive isotopes
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| what isotopes are used to study both the structure and fuction of particular tissues | radioactive isotopes
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| atoms of molecule held together by forces of attraction are called | chemical bonds
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| cations are | pos. charged and they're electron donors
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| anions | neg. charged and accept electrons
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| ionic compounds exist as solids but some may dissociate into pos. and neg ions in solution. such a compound is called an | electrolyte
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| _____ ______ are formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, two, or three pairs of their valence electrons | covalent bonds
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| strongest of bonds and most common | covalent
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| nonpolar covalent bonds, atoms are shared ____ | equally.
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| ______ share electrons to form _____ ______ | atoms; covalent bonds
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| polar covalent bonds share electrons | unequally
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| aprox. 5% as stong as covalent bonds | hydrogen bonds
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| ________ _______ are useful in estab. links between molecules or between distant parts of a very large molecule. such as large proteins | hydrogen bonds
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| what are often held together by a large number of hydrogen bonds | large 3-D molecules
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| hydrogen bonds are | weak intermolecular bonds; serve as links between molecules
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| hydrogen bonds give water cohesion which creates | high surface tension
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| new bonds form and old bonds are broken | chemical reactions
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| total mass of reactants equals total mass of products | law of conservation of mass
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| enegry associated with matter in motion | kinetic enegry
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| enegry stored by matter due to its position | potential enegry
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| bond being broken has more enegry than the one foremd so that extra enegry is released, usually as heat | exergonic (release more enegry than can absorb)
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| requires that enegry be added, usually from a molecule of ATP to form a bond | endergonic
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| exp. of exergonic reactions | catabolism of food molecules; glucose
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| exp. of endergonic reaction | bonding amino acid molecules together to form proteins
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| ____, ____ & ______ are continuously moving and colliding in activiation enegry | atoms, ions and molecules
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| collision enegry needed to break bonds and begin reaction | activiation enegry
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| activiation engry increases what | concentration and temp. and increases probablity of collison
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| chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activiation enegry needed for reaction to occur | catalysts
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| a catalyst lowers ____ of ____ needed to get the reaction started | amount of enegry
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| lactose reacts ___ with water to break down into two simple sugars; ____ and _____ | slow; glucose and galactose
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| lactase is an | enzyme catalyst
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| lactase orients the _____ ____ (lactose and water) properly so that they touch at the spots that make reaction happen | colliding particles
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| _____ compounds usually lack carbon and are simple molecules | inorganic
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| _____ comp. usually contain c & h, usally O and always have ____ _____ | organic; covalent bonds
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| what enables reactants to collide to form products | water
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| _____ breaks large molecules down into simpler ones by ADDING a molecule of water | hydrolysis
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| ____ _____ occurs when two simple molecules join together, elimination a molecule of water in process | dehydration synthesis
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| in a solution, the _____ dissolves the _____ | solvent; solute
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| sub. which contain polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water are | hyrophillic
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| nonpolar covalent bonds are | hydrophobic
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| waters role as solvent makes it essential for | health and survival
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| exp of hydrophobic | animal fats and oil
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| exp. of hydrophillic | sugar and salt
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| water can absorb or release large amt of heat with only a modest change in its own temp. due to | large number of hydrogen ions in water
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| amount of heat needed to change from liquid to gas | heat of vaporization
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| ____ _____ link neighboring water molecules giving water cohesion; this creates ______ | hydrogen bonds; high surface tension
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| difficult of break the surface of liquid if molecules are more attracted to each other than to surrounding air molecules | high surface tension
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| _____ provide most of the enegry needed for life | carbohydrates
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| carbo. included. name 4 | sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose
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| carbs can function as | food reserves
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| carbs are divided into 3 main grounds | monosaccharides, poysaccharides and disaccharides
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| carbs are a source of what? | enegry for ATP formation
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| glycogen is stored | liver and muscle tissue
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| only what can produce starches or cellulose for enegry storage | plants
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| contain three to seven atons and include glucose, a hexose that is the main enegry supplying compound of body | monosaccharides
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| humans can absorb only 3 simple sugars without further digestion | 1. glucose (honey)2. fructose (fruit)3. galactose (dairy products)
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| are formed from two monosaccharies by dehydration synthesis | disaccharides
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| disacchrides can be split back into simple sugars by | hydrolysis
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| combining two monosaccharies by dehydration synthesis realese a water molecule. 3 examples | - sucrose= gluctose & fructose- maltose= gluctose & gluctoselactose= glucose & galatose
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| are largest of carbs. and may contain hundreds of monosaccharies | polysaccharies
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| principle of polysaccharie in the human body is ____, which is stored in _____ or _____ | glycogen; liver or skeletal muscles
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| ____ contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxy, but unlike carbs they do not have 2:1 ration of hydrogen to oxygen | lipids
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| lipids are hydro_____ | hydrophobic
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| lipids are _____ in polar solvents such as water | insoluable
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| lipids combine with _____ for transport in blood | protein
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| __________ are most plentiful lipids in the body | triglycerides
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| triglycerides prodive ____, ______ and _____ | protection, insulation & enegry
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| ______ provide more than twice as much enegry pergram as either carbs or proteins (more efficient) | triglycerides
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| storage is unlimited in | triglycerides
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| excess dietary carbs, proteins, fats and oils will be deposited in _____ tissue as _____ | adipose; triglycerides
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| neutral fats composed of single __-____ glycerol molecules and ___ fatty acide molecules | 3- carbon; 3 fatty acid tails
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| fatty acids are attached by | dehydration synthsis
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| these fats contain single covalent bonds and are covered with hydrogen atoms | saturated
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| exp of saturated fat | lard
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| fats are not completely covered with hydrogen | monounsaturated
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| exp of monounsaturated | safflower oil, corn oil
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| fats contain even less hydrogen atoms | polyunsaturated
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| exp of polyunsaturated | olive or peanut oil
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| when talking about phospholipids what does it mean when you say there amphipathic | both polar (head) and nonpolar(tail) regions
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| polar head of phospholipids are made of up | a phosphate group and glycerol molecule
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| what have four rings of carbon atoms | steroids
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| eicosanoids include | prostaglandins and leukotrienes
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| lipid type derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid | eicosanoids
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| proteins are constructed from combos of | 20 amino acids
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| dipeptides formed from ____ amino acids joined by _____ _____ called _____ bond | 2; covanlent bond; peptide
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| _______ of a protein by a hostile enviornment causes loss of its characteristic shape and function | denaturation
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| dipeptides are an example of _____ synthesis | dyhydration (it removes water)
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| is a unique sequence of amino acids | primary
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| is alpha helix or pleated sheet folding | secondary
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| is 3-dimensional shape of ploypeptide chain | tertiary
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| is relationship of multiple polypeptide chains | quaternary
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| fluid mosaic model is ___% lipid and _____% protein- held together by ______ _____ | 50/50; hydrogen bonds
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| how many lipid molecules for each protein molecule | 50
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| basic framework of the plasma membrane and is made up of 3 lipid molecules | lipid bilayer
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| 3 lipid molecules | phospholipids, cholestrol, and glycolipids
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| ______ molecules are interspersed among other lipids to help stablize the membrane | cholestrol
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| ______ appear only in the membrane layer which faces the extracelluar fluid | glycolipids
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| phospholipids comprises _____% of lipids | 75
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| phospholipid bilayer has | 2 paralell layers of molecules
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| on the phospholipid bilayer the polar heads are _____ and face on both surfaces of a ______ _______ | hydrophilic; watery enviroment
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| carbohydrate groupds form a polar head only on side of what | membrane facing extracelluar fluid
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| membrane proteins divided into two: | intergral and peripheral proteins
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| ____ protiens extend into or across the entire lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails of phospholipid molecules | integral
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| ______ proteins are found at inner or outer surface of the membrand and can be stripped away from the membrane without disturbing membrane integrity | peripheral proteins
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| those that stretch across the entrie bilayer and prject on both sides of the membrane are termed | transmembrane proteins
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| passageway to allow specific sub. to pass though | formation of channel
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| bind specific sub., change shape and move it across membrane | transporter proteins
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| cellular recognition site- bind to sub. | receptor proteins
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| what serves to stablize the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity | cholestrol
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| lipid bilayer portion of mem. is permeable to what | small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules
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| lipid bilayer of membran is impermeable to | ions and charged or polar molecules
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| act as channels or transporters increase the permeablity of the membrane to molecules that cannot cross lipid bilayer | transmembrane proteins
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| ____ are unable to pass through the membrane except by vesicular transport | macromolecules
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| ____ and ____ ions are more concetrated on outside of membrane with ____ and ____ ions more concentrated inside | oxy and sodium outside; carbon dioxide and potassium on inside
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| inner surface is ____ charged; outer is _____ charged. this sets up what? | neg; post. electrical gradiant
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| 3 types of passive process are: | 1. diffusion though lipid bilayer2. diff. though ion channels3. faciliated diffusion
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| ____ ____ moves material with help of transporter protein | mediated transport
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| ____ _____ does not use trasnporter protein | nomediated trasnport
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| ____ ____ uses ATP to drive sub. against their concentration gradient | active transport
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| ____ ____ moves sub. down their concentraion gradiant | passive transport
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| ____ ____ moves material across membranes in small vesicules- either by exo or endocytosis | vesicular transport
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| random misxing of particles that occurs in a solution as result of kinetic enegry of particles | diffusion
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| most membrane channels are ___ channels, allowing small, inorganic ions which are hydrophilic | ion channels
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| net movement of a solvent through selectibely permeable membrane or living systems, the movemnt of water from area of high concentration to lower con. in membrane | osmosis
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| _____ _____ penetrate the membrane by diffusion through the lipid bilayer or through aquaporins | water molecules
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| trasmembrane proteins that function as water channels | aquaporins
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| measure of soultions ablity to change volum. of cells by altering their water concentration | tonicity
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| con. solute is equal in and out. no net movent | isotonic; rbc maintain normalshape
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| much lower concen. inside cell compared to outside; direction of flow=in | hypotonic; rbc undergo hemolysis
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| extraccelluar solution shrink/ shrivel | hypertonic; rbc undergo cremation
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| sol. binds to specific transporter on one side of membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter undergoes a conformational change: high to low con & faster | facilitated diffusion
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| solutes that move across membrane by fac. diffucsion include ____, ____, ____, _____ and ____ | glucose, urea, fructose, galatose, and vitimans
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| ___ Enters cell by facilitaed diffusion; then binds to | glucose; transport protein
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| combined concentration and electrical gradients= | electrochemical gradient
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| endocytosis | bringing something in cell
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| phagocytosis= | cell eating by macrophages and WBC
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