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A&Pt1
test1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| electrons= | # of protons |
| atomic #= | # of protons in nucleus of atom |
| atomic number also equals | the number of electrons in each atom |
| mass number= | protons and neutrons |
| different atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called | isotopes |
| what isotopes are unstable because their nuclei decay to form a simpler and thus more stable configuration | radioactive isotopes |
| what isotopes are used to study both the structure and fuction of particular tissues | radioactive isotopes |
| atoms of molecule held together by forces of attraction are called | chemical bonds |
| cations are | pos. charged and they're electron donors |
| anions | neg. charged and accept electrons |
| ionic compounds exist as solids but some may dissociate into pos. and neg ions in solution. such a compound is called an | electrolyte |
| _____ ______ are formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, two, or three pairs of their valence electrons | covalent bonds |
| strongest of bonds and most common | covalent |
| nonpolar covalent bonds, atoms are shared ____ | equally. |
| ______ share electrons to form _____ ______ | atoms; covalent bonds |
| polar covalent bonds share electrons | unequally |
| aprox. 5% as stong as covalent bonds | hydrogen bonds |
| ________ _______ are useful in estab. links between molecules or between distant parts of a very large molecule. such as large proteins | hydrogen bonds |
| what are often held together by a large number of hydrogen bonds | large 3-D molecules |
| hydrogen bonds are | weak intermolecular bonds; serve as links between molecules |
| hydrogen bonds give water cohesion which creates | high surface tension |
| new bonds form and old bonds are broken | chemical reactions |
| total mass of reactants equals total mass of products | law of conservation of mass |
| enegry associated with matter in motion | kinetic enegry |
| enegry stored by matter due to its position | potential enegry |
| bond being broken has more enegry than the one foremd so that extra enegry is released, usually as heat | exergonic (release more enegry than can absorb) |
| requires that enegry be added, usually from a molecule of ATP to form a bond | endergonic |
| exp. of exergonic reactions | catabolism of food molecules; glucose |
| exp. of endergonic reaction | bonding amino acid molecules together to form proteins |
| ____, ____ & ______ are continuously moving and colliding in activiation enegry | atoms, ions and molecules |
| collision enegry needed to break bonds and begin reaction | activiation enegry |
| activiation engry increases what | concentration and temp. and increases probablity of collison |
| chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activiation enegry needed for reaction to occur | catalysts |
| a catalyst lowers ____ of ____ needed to get the reaction started | amount of enegry |
| lactose reacts ___ with water to break down into two simple sugars; ____ and _____ | slow; glucose and galactose |
| lactase is an | enzyme catalyst |
| lactase orients the _____ ____ (lactose and water) properly so that they touch at the spots that make reaction happen | colliding particles |
| _____ compounds usually lack carbon and are simple molecules | inorganic |
| _____ comp. usually contain c & h, usally O and always have ____ _____ | organic; covalent bonds |
| what enables reactants to collide to form products | water |
| _____ breaks large molecules down into simpler ones by ADDING a molecule of water | hydrolysis |
| ____ _____ occurs when two simple molecules join together, elimination a molecule of water in process | dehydration synthesis |
| in a solution, the _____ dissolves the _____ | solvent; solute |
| sub. which contain polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water are | hyrophillic |
| nonpolar covalent bonds are | hydrophobic |
| waters role as solvent makes it essential for | health and survival |
| exp of hydrophobic | animal fats and oil |
| exp. of hydrophillic | sugar and salt |
| water can absorb or release large amt of heat with only a modest change in its own temp. due to | large number of hydrogen ions in water |
| amount of heat needed to change from liquid to gas | heat of vaporization |
| ____ _____ link neighboring water molecules giving water cohesion; this creates ______ | hydrogen bonds; high surface tension |
| difficult of break the surface of liquid if molecules are more attracted to each other than to surrounding air molecules | high surface tension |
| _____ provide most of the enegry needed for life | carbohydrates |
| carbo. included. name 4 | sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose |
| carbs can function as | food reserves |
| carbs are divided into 3 main grounds | monosaccharides, poysaccharides and disaccharides |
| carbs are a source of what? | enegry for ATP formation |
| glycogen is stored | liver and muscle tissue |
| only what can produce starches or cellulose for enegry storage | plants |
| contain three to seven atons and include glucose, a hexose that is the main enegry supplying compound of body | monosaccharides |
| humans can absorb only 3 simple sugars without further digestion | 1. glucose (honey)2. fructose (fruit)3. galactose (dairy products) |
| are formed from two monosaccharies by dehydration synthesis | disaccharides |
| disacchrides can be split back into simple sugars by | hydrolysis |
| combining two monosaccharies by dehydration synthesis realese a water molecule. 3 examples | - sucrose= gluctose & fructose- maltose= gluctose & gluctoselactose= glucose & galatose |
| are largest of carbs. and may contain hundreds of monosaccharies | polysaccharies |
| principle of polysaccharie in the human body is ____, which is stored in _____ or _____ | glycogen; liver or skeletal muscles |
| ____ contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxy, but unlike carbs they do not have 2:1 ration of hydrogen to oxygen | lipids |
| lipids are hydro_____ | hydrophobic |
| lipids are _____ in polar solvents such as water | insoluable |
| lipids combine with _____ for transport in blood | protein |
| __________ are most plentiful lipids in the body | triglycerides |
| triglycerides prodive ____, ______ and _____ | protection, insulation & enegry |
| ______ provide more than twice as much enegry pergram as either carbs or proteins (more efficient) | triglycerides |
| storage is unlimited in | triglycerides |
| excess dietary carbs, proteins, fats and oils will be deposited in _____ tissue as _____ | adipose; triglycerides |
| neutral fats composed of single __-____ glycerol molecules and ___ fatty acide molecules | 3- carbon; 3 fatty acid tails |
| fatty acids are attached by | dehydration synthsis |
| these fats contain single covalent bonds and are covered with hydrogen atoms | saturated |
| exp of saturated fat | lard |
| fats are not completely covered with hydrogen | monounsaturated |
| exp of monounsaturated | safflower oil, corn oil |
| fats contain even less hydrogen atoms | polyunsaturated |
| exp of polyunsaturated | olive or peanut oil |
| when talking about phospholipids what does it mean when you say there amphipathic | both polar (head) and nonpolar(tail) regions |
| polar head of phospholipids are made of up | a phosphate group and glycerol molecule |
| what have four rings of carbon atoms | steroids |
| eicosanoids include | prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
| lipid type derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid | eicosanoids |
| proteins are constructed from combos of | 20 amino acids |
| dipeptides formed from ____ amino acids joined by _____ _____ called _____ bond | 2; covanlent bond; peptide |
| _______ of a protein by a hostile enviornment causes loss of its characteristic shape and function | denaturation |
| dipeptides are an example of _____ synthesis | dyhydration (it removes water) |
| is a unique sequence of amino acids | primary |
| is alpha helix or pleated sheet folding | secondary |
| is 3-dimensional shape of ploypeptide chain | tertiary |
| is relationship of multiple polypeptide chains | quaternary |
| fluid mosaic model is ___% lipid and _____% protein- held together by ______ _____ | 50/50; hydrogen bonds |
| how many lipid molecules for each protein molecule | 50 |
| basic framework of the plasma membrane and is made up of 3 lipid molecules | lipid bilayer |
| 3 lipid molecules | phospholipids, cholestrol, and glycolipids |
| ______ molecules are interspersed among other lipids to help stablize the membrane | cholestrol |
| ______ appear only in the membrane layer which faces the extracelluar fluid | glycolipids |
| phospholipids comprises _____% of lipids | 75 |
| phospholipid bilayer has | 2 paralell layers of molecules |
| on the phospholipid bilayer the polar heads are _____ and face on both surfaces of a ______ _______ | hydrophilic; watery enviroment |
| carbohydrate groupds form a polar head only on side of what | membrane facing extracelluar fluid |
| membrane proteins divided into two: | intergral and peripheral proteins |
| ____ protiens extend into or across the entire lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails of phospholipid molecules | integral |
| ______ proteins are found at inner or outer surface of the membrand and can be stripped away from the membrane without disturbing membrane integrity | peripheral proteins |
| those that stretch across the entrie bilayer and prject on both sides of the membrane are termed | transmembrane proteins |
| passageway to allow specific sub. to pass though | formation of channel |
| bind specific sub., change shape and move it across membrane | transporter proteins |
| cellular recognition site- bind to sub. | receptor proteins |
| what serves to stablize the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity | cholestrol |
| lipid bilayer portion of mem. is permeable to what | small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules |
| lipid bilayer of membran is impermeable to | ions and charged or polar molecules |
| act as channels or transporters increase the permeablity of the membrane to molecules that cannot cross lipid bilayer | transmembrane proteins |
| ____ are unable to pass through the membrane except by vesicular transport | macromolecules |
| ____ and ____ ions are more concetrated on outside of membrane with ____ and ____ ions more concentrated inside | oxy and sodium outside; carbon dioxide and potassium on inside |
| inner surface is ____ charged; outer is _____ charged. this sets up what? | neg; post. electrical gradiant |
| 3 types of passive process are: | 1. diffusion though lipid bilayer2. diff. though ion channels3. faciliated diffusion |
| ____ ____ moves material with help of transporter protein | mediated transport |
| ____ _____ does not use trasnporter protein | nomediated trasnport |
| ____ ____ uses ATP to drive sub. against their concentration gradient | active transport |
| ____ ____ moves sub. down their concentraion gradiant | passive transport |
| ____ ____ moves material across membranes in small vesicules- either by exo or endocytosis | vesicular transport |
| random misxing of particles that occurs in a solution as result of kinetic enegry of particles | diffusion |
| most membrane channels are ___ channels, allowing small, inorganic ions which are hydrophilic | ion channels |
| net movement of a solvent through selectibely permeable membrane or living systems, the movemnt of water from area of high concentration to lower con. in membrane | osmosis |
| _____ _____ penetrate the membrane by diffusion through the lipid bilayer or through aquaporins | water molecules |
| trasmembrane proteins that function as water channels | aquaporins |
| measure of soultions ablity to change volum. of cells by altering their water concentration | tonicity |
| con. solute is equal in and out. no net movent | isotonic; rbc maintain normalshape |
| much lower concen. inside cell compared to outside; direction of flow=in | hypotonic; rbc undergo hemolysis |
| extraccelluar solution shrink/ shrivel | hypertonic; rbc undergo cremation |
| sol. binds to specific transporter on one side of membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter undergoes a conformational change: high to low con & faster | facilitated diffusion |
| solutes that move across membrane by fac. diffucsion include ____, ____, ____, _____ and ____ | glucose, urea, fructose, galatose, and vitimans |
| ___ Enters cell by facilitaed diffusion; then binds to | glucose; transport protein |
| combined concentration and electrical gradients= | electrochemical gradient |
| endocytosis | bringing something in cell |
| phagocytosis= | cell eating by macrophages and WBC |
Created by:
Mollie28
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