basic concepts of anatomy
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| the 11 systems of the human body | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
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| integumentary system | C/skin and structures derived from it: hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands || F/protects body, helps regulate body temp, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations
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| skeletal system | C/bones and joints and their associated cartilages || F/supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids
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| muscular system | C/muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue || F/produces body movements; stabilizes body position; generates heat
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| nervous system | C/brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as the eye and ear || F/generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects environmental changes; responds to changes with muscular contractions or glandular secretions
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| endocrine system | C/hormone-producing glands and hormone-producing cells in several other organs || F/regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland to a target organ
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| cardiovascular system | C/blood, heart, blood vessels || F/blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2 and wastes away from cells; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
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| lymphatic system and immunity | C/lymphatic fluid and vessels; also includes spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils || F/returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from GIT to blood; incubates lymphocytes, which protect against disease-causing organisms
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| respiratory system | C/lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of them || F/transferring O2 and CO2 in and out of lungs; regulating acid-base balance of body fluids
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| digestive system | organs of the GIT, including mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large int, anus; also includes accessory organs, inc. salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas || F/breakdown of food; absorption of nutrients; elimination of solid wastes
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| urinary system | C/kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra || F/production, storage, and elimination of urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate production of red blood cells
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| reproductive system | C/gonads (testes, ovaries), uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, epididymis, ductus deferens, penis || F/production, transport, and storage of gametes; production of hormones that regulate reproduction
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| interstitial fluid | a type of extracellular fluid; the fluid that fills the narrow spaces between cells in tissues
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| synovial fluid | the extracellular fluid in joints
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| cranial | referring to the skull
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| facial | referring to the face
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| frontal | referring to the forehead
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| orbital | referring to the eye
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| otic | referring to the ear
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| buccal | referring to the cheek
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| nasal | referring to the nose
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| oral | referring to the mouth
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| mental | referring to the chin
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| sternal | referring to the breastbone
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| mammary | referring to the breast
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| umbilical | referring to the naval
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| coxal | referring to the hip
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| inguinal | referring to the groin
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| manual | referring to the hand
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| pubic | referring to the pubis
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| dorsum | the top of the foot or the back of the hand
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| axillary | referring to the armpit
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| brachial | referring to the arm
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| antecubital | referring to the front of the elbow
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| antebrachial | referring to the forearm
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| carpal | referring to the wrist
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| digital or phalangeal | referring to the fingers or toes
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| femoral | referring to the thigh
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| patellar | referring to the knee
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| crural | referring to the leg (shin)
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| tarsal | referring to the ankle
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| pedal | referring to the foot
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| occipital | referring to the base of the skull
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| acromial | referring to the shoulder
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| scapular | referring to the shoulder blade
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| vertebral | referring to the spinal column
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| dorsal | referring to the back
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| olecranal | referring to the back of the elbow
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| sacral | referring to the posterior region between the hips
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| lumbar | referring to the loin (lower back)
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| gluteal | referring to the buttocks
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| popliteal | referring to the hollow behind the knee
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| sural | referring to the calf
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| plantar | referring to the sole of the foot
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| calcaneal | referring to the heel
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| organs of the left upper quadrant of the abdomen | spleen, stomach, jejunum and proximal ileum, pancreas: body and tail, left kidney, left suprarenal gland, left colic (splenic) flexure, transverse colon: left half, descending colon: superior half
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| organs of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen | liver, gallbladder, stomach: pylorus, doudenum: part 1-3, pancreas: head, right suprarenal gland, right kidney, right colic (hepatic) flexure, ascending colon: superior part, transverse colon: right half
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| organs of the left lower quadrant of the abdomen | beginning of sigmoid colon, descending colon, rectum
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| organs of the right lower quadrant of the abdomen | cecum, vermiform appendix, most of ileum, ascending colon: inferior part
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