Trunk and upper extremities muscle groups
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| Biceps Brachii | O-one head from the coracoid process; the other from the supraglenoid tubercle, I-tuberosity of radius, A-flexion at elbow and shoulder; supination
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| Deltoid | O-clavicle and scapula, I-deltoid tuberosity of humerus, A-whole muscle: abduction at shoulder; anterior part: flexion and medial rotation; posterior part: extension and lateral rotation
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| Diaphragm | O-xiphoid process, cartilages of ribs 4-10, and anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae, I-central tendinous sheet, A-contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity
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| External Intercostals | O-inferior border of each rib, I-superior boarder of more inferior rib, A-elvate ribs
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| External Oblique | O-external and inferior borders of ribs 5-12, I-linea alba and iliac crest, A-compresses abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes or bends spine
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| Internal Oblique | O-lumbodorsal fascia and iliac crest, I-inferior ribs, xiphoid process, and linea alba, A-compresses abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes or bends spine
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| Pectoralis Major | O-cartilages of ribs 2-6, body of sternum, and inferior, dedial portion of clavicle, I-crest of greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus; A-flexion, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder
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| Pectoralis Minor | O-anterior-superior surfaces of ribs 2-4, 2-5, or 3-5, depending on anatomical variation, I-coracoid process of scapula, A-depresses and protracts shoulder; rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves inferorly; elevates ribs if scapula is stationary
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| Rectus Abdominis | O-superior surface of pubis around symphysis, I-inferior surfaces of costal cartilages (ribs 5-7) and xiphoid process, A- depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen
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| Rhomboid Minor | O-spinous processses of vertebrae C7-T1, I-vertebral border of scapula near spine, A-adducts scapula and performs downward rotation
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| Serratus Anterior | O-anterior and superior margins of ribs 1-8 or 1-9, I-anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula, A-protracts shoulder; rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves superiorly (upward rotation)
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| Transverse Abdominis | O-cartilages of ribs 6-12, iliac crest, and lumbodorsal fascia, I-linea alba and pubis, A- compresses abdomen
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| Levator Scapulae | origin-transverse processes of C1-C4, insertion-medial border of scapula superior to spine, action-elevates and adducts scapula
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| Trapezius | origin-occipital bone and spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae, insertion-clavicle and scapula, action-elevate, retract, depress, or rotate scapula upward, elevate clavicle, or extend neck
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| Deltoid | Origin-clavicle and scapula, Insertion: humerus, action-abduction at shoulder
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| Rhomboideus Major | origin-spines of upper thoracic vertebrae, insertion: medial border of scapula, action-raises and adducts scapula
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| Supraspinatus | origin-supraspinous fossa of scapula, insertion: greater tubercle of humerus, action-abduction at shoulder
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| Infraspinatus | origin-infraspinous fossa of scapula, insertion-greater tubercle of humerus, action-lateral rotation at shoulder
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| Teres Minor | origin-lateral border of scapula, insertion-greater tubercle of humerus, action-lateral rotation at shoulder
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| Teres Major | origin-inferior angle of scapula, insertion-intertubercular groove of humerus, action-extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder
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| Triceps Brachii | origin-lateral margin of humerus and tubercle of scapula, insertion-olecranon of ulna, action-extension at elbow and extension and adduction at the shoulder
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| Latissimus Dorsi | origin-spinous processes of inferior thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12, and lumbodorsal fascia, insertion-intertubercular groove of the humerus, action-extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder
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| Extensor carpi radialis longus | origin-lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, insertion-base of second metacarpal bone, action-extension and abduction at wrist
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| Extensor digitorum | origin-lateral epicondyle of humerus, insertion: digits 2-5, action-extends digits 2-5
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| Flexor carpi radialis | Origin-medial epicondyle of humerus, Insertion-Bases of second and third metacarpal bones, Actions-Flexion and abduction at wrist
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| Palmaris longus | origin-medial epicondyle of humerus, insertion-palmar aponeurosis, action-flexion at wrist
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| Flexor Carpi ulnaris | Origin-Medial epicondyle of the humerus, Insertion-5th metacarpal, Action-Flexion and adduction at wrist
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| subscapularis | origin-subscapular fossa of scapula, insertion-lesser tubercle of humerus, action-medial rotation at shoulder
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| Quadratus lumborum | Origin-Iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest, Insertion-Inferior border of twelfth rib and transverse processes of L1-L4, Action-together they depress ribs, alone each side laterally flexes vertebral column
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| Splenius capitis | Origin-Spinous processes of inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae, Insertion-Mastoid process, occipital bone and transverse processes of superior cervical vertebrae, Action-Laterally flexes, rotates, and extends head and neck
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| Iliocostalis lumborum | Origin-sacrum, iliac crest, Insertion-inferior surface of lower 7 rib, Action-extend spine, depress ribs
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| Scalenes | Origin-transverse and costal processes of cervical vertebrae, Insertion-superior surfaces of first two ribs, Action-elevate ribs or flex neck
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| abductor digiti minimi | abducts little finger
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| Flexor digiti minimi brevis | flexes little finger
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| adductor pollicis | adducts thumb
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| dorsal interossei | abducts fingers
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| flexor pollicis brevis | flexes thumb
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| lumbricals | flex metacarpophalangeal joints, extend interphalangeal joints
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| opponens pollicis | opposition of thumb
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| palmar interossei | adduct fingers
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| Palmaris brevis | moves skin on medial border toward midline of palm
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| bipennate muscle fascicles | fascicle that's fibers converge on either of the sides like barbs of a feather.
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| sphicnter | when the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings.
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| convergent muscle fascicles | muscle fascicles where the origin of the fixed bone is wider than the point of insertion.
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| fascicle | bundle of muscle fibers
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| multipennate muscle fascicles | muscle with several central tendons go diagonally toward which the muscle fibers converge like the barbs of feathers.
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| parallel fascicles | fascicles that run parallel to one another, and contraction of these muscle groups acts as an extension of the contraction of a single muscle fiber.
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| fusiform fascicles | spindle-shaped muscles with parallel fibers
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| unipennate fascicles | fascicles are arranged on only one side of tendon.
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| tendon | attaches muscle to bone
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| ligament | attaches bone to bone
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| pennate | a type of muscle fiber arrangement in which each fiber attaches obliquely to a central tendon
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